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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 8: Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Processing

A

Sensory receptor organs detect energy/substances

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2
Q

What question do sensory receptors answer?

A

What type of stimulus was that?

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3
Q

Where does sensory processing begin?

A

Receptor Cells

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4
Q

Sensory processing is ___ and ___.

A
  1. Selective
  2. Analytical
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5
Q

Sensory Receptor Organs

A

Organs specialized to detect a certain stimulus.

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6
Q

Receptor Cells

A

Cells within the organ that convert the stimulus into an electrical signal and transmit it back to the CNS.

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7
Q

Receptor organs are very ___.

A

diverse

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8
Q

What is an example of a receptor organ?

A

Eyes

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9
Q

Adequate Stimulus

A

A type of stimulus to which a sensory organ is particularly adapted.

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10
Q

What is an example of an adequate stimulus?

A

Light for your eye

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11
Q

How do you classify sensory systems?

A
  1. Type
  2. Specific modality
  3. Adequate stimuli
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12
Q

What is an example of the restricted range of sensory systems?

A

The frequency range for hearing (varies per species)

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13
Q

What type of energy do all senses use?

A

Action potential

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14
Q

Labeled Lines

A

The brain recognizes distinct senses because AP travel along separate nerve tracts.

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15
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

The conversion of electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell.

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16
Q

Generator Potentials

A

Local changes in membrane potential.

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17
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

A skin receptor that detects vibration.

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18
Q

What happens when a stimulus is added to the corpuscle?

A

A graded electrical potential is produced.

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19
Q

Coding

A

Patterns of AP in a sensory system that reflect a stimulus.

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20
Q

Range Fractionation

A

Different cells have different thresholds for firing, over a range of stimulus intensities.

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21
Q

Why is range fractionation important?

A

Individual cells often cannot reflect the entire range of a stimulus.

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22
Q

Somatosensory System

A

Detects body sensations (touch and pain)

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23
Q

How is stimulus location determined?

A

The position of activated receptors.

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24
Q

Adaption

A

The progressive loss of response to a maintained stimulus.

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25
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

Show slow or no decline in action potential frequency.

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26
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

Display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials.

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27
Q

What is the purpose of adaption?

A

Shows changes in the environment.

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28
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Additional components attached to a primary organ.

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29
Q

Example of accessory structure

A

Eyelids

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30
Q

Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation

A

Higher brain centers suppress some sensory inputs and amplify others.

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31
Q

Sensory Pathway

A

Neurons connecting to other neurons.

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32
Q

Where do most neural pathways pass through?

A

Thalamus

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33
Q

Where do pathways terminate?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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34
Q

Receptive Field

A

The space in which a stimulus will alter a neuron’s firing rate.

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35
Q

What do receptive fields differ in?

A
  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Response types to stimulation
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36
Q

How can receptive fields be examined?

A

Experimentally

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37
Q

Initial Receptor Cell

A

Relatively small receptive field
- Cell fires more when stimulus occurs in its field

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38
Q

What happens when you move to higher level neurons?

A

You get larger receptive fields due to the convergence of input from multiple sensory cells.

39
Q

Center Surround System

A

Stimulation of the center produces the opposite effect of stimulation in the surroundings.

40
Q

What does the center surround system create?

A

A sharper contrast in sensation of the stimulus.

41
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

Exists for each modality

42
Q

Secondary Sensory Cortex

A

Receives its main input from the primary cortical area for that modality.

43
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)

A

Receives touch information from the opposite side of the body.

44
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2)

A

Maps both sides of the body

45
Q

What do association areas in the brain show?

A

A mixture of inputs from different modalities.

46
Q

Polymodal Cells

A

Allow for inter-sensory interactions

47
Q

Synesthesia

A

A stimulus in one modality creates a sensation in another.

48
Q

Example of synesthesia

A
  1. A person may perceive colors when looking at letters
  2. Identify taste when hearing a tone
49
Q

What system is touch a part of?

A

The somatosensory system

50
Q

What are the 4 tactile receptors that perceive touch?

A
  1. Pacinian Corpuscles
  2. Meissner’s Corpuscles
  3. Merkel’s Discs
  4. Ruffini’s Endings
51
Q
  1. Pacinian Corpuscles
A

Vibration, fast adapting

52
Q
  1. Meissners Corpuscles
A

Touch, fast adapting

53
Q
  1. Merkel’s Discs
A

Touch, slow adapting

54
Q
  1. Ruffini’s Endings
A

Stretch, slow adapting

55
Q

Dorsal Column System

A

Delivers touch information to the brain.

56
Q

Dermatome

A

A strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal root.

57
Q

How are brain regions arranged?

A

The body surface plan

58
Q

What do brain regions reflect?

A

The density of body innervation.

59
Q

What can change receptive fields?

A

Experience

60
Q

What does the cortical map represent?

A

The innervation of a body region.

61
Q

What happens to the cortical area when the body region is servered?

A

It shrinks

62
Q

What happens when a body region is completely removed?

A

The cortical area for the adjacent regions will expand.

63
Q

Pain

A

An unpleasant experience associated with tissue damage

64
Q

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain

A

An inherited syndrome that can still discriminate touch.

65
Q

Touch and pain are ___ systems.

A

separate

66
Q

Nociceptors

A

Peripheral receptors that respond to painful stimuli.

67
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Located in the dermis and have specialized proteins that respond to temp changes, chemicals, and pain.

68
Q

Capsaicin

A

The “hot” in chili peppers

69
Q

TRPV1

A

The receptor that binds to capsaicin.
- detects painful heat

70
Q

TRP2

A
  • Detects even higher temps
  • Does not respond too capsaicin
    Found on Ao Fibers
71
Q

Ao Fibers

A

Large myelinated axons that register pain quickly.

72
Q

Where are TRPV1 receptors located?

A

On C fibers

73
Q

C Fibers

A

Thin, un myelinated axons that conduct slowly, producing lasting pain.

74
Q

Cool Menthol Receptor 1 (CMR1)

A

Responds to menthol and cold temps

75
Q

Where are CMR1 receptors located?

A

C Fibers

76
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic System

A

Free nerve endings that synapse on spinal neurons that transmit the sensations of pain and temperature.

77
Q

Where is pain information integrated?

A

Cingulate Cortex

78
Q

Analgesia

A

The loss of pain sensation.

79
Q

Opioids

A

Drugs that control pain

80
Q

Opioid Peptides

A

The endogenous neurotransmitters in the brain.

81
Q

What are the three classes of endogenous opioids?

A
  1. Endorphins
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Dynorphins
82
Q

Opioid Receptors

A

Respond to opiates/opioids

83
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

An area in the midbrain involved in pain perception.

84
Q

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

A

Delivers electrical pulses to the skin which relieve pain by stimulating the nerves around them.

85
Q

Naloxone

A

An opioid antagonist that can block the pain relieving effects of TENS

86
Q

TENS depends on…

A

Endogenous opioid release

87
Q

Placebo

A

Can sometimes relieve pain even though it is an inherit substance

88
Q

What type of pain do C Fibers relate to?

A

Long lasting pain

89
Q

What type of pain do AO Fibers relate to?

A

Initial pain

90
Q

What is releases to cause itching?

A

Histamine

91
Q

What type of pain modulation system do we have?

A

Descending (brain sends signals down body)

92
Q

Acupuncture

A

Relieves pain by inducing endorphin release

93
Q

What supports the claim that “fake” acupuncture works just as well as “real” acupuncture

A

Placebos

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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