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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion

A

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors, feelings, and involuntary physiological changes.

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2
Q

What are the 4 aspects of emotion?

A
  1. Feelings
  2. Actions
  3. Physiological Arousal
  4. Motivation
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3
Q

What does the aspect of feelings consist of?

A

Private and subjective feelings

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4
Q

What are examples of actions of emotions?

A

Defending or laughing

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5
Q

What does the aspect of physiological arousal consist of?

A

Somatic or autonomic responses

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6
Q

What is an example of physiological arousal?

A

Increased heart rate

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7
Q

What does the aspect of motivation consist of?

A

Programs to coordinate responses and solve problems

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8
Q

What are the 4 views that explain the cause of emotion?

A
  1. Commonsense View
  2. James Lange Theory
  3. Cannon-Bard Theory
  4. Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory
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9
Q

Commonsense View

A

Feelings trigger autonomic responses

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10
Q

What is an example of an autonomic response?

A

Stomach churning

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11
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Autonomic reaction triggers feelings

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12
Q

Why do emotions differ according to the James Lange Theory?

A

Different physiological responses

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13
Q

What is the problem with the James Lange Theory?

A

Autonomic changes can be slow and are often the same across different emotions.

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14
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotion is independent of the simultaneous physiological changes that accompany it.

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15
Q

What change does the Cannon-Bard Theory help support?

A

A changing environment

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16
Q

What role does the cerebral cortex play in the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

It decides the emotional response and activates the sympathetic response.

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17
Q

Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory

A

Physiological responses are interpreted in terms of stimuli.

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18
Q

What does the emotional state result from in the Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory?

A

The interaction of physiological activation and cognitive interpretation

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19
Q

Describe the experiment that supported Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory.

A

Participants were given an injection of epinephrine and placed in a room with either a happy or angry confederate.

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20
Q

What was the major finding from the Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory experiment?

A

The subjects who were given an injection of epinephrine reported emotions similar to the confederate that they were with.

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21
Q

What does research show that counters the Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory?

A

The theory states that physiological arousal is nonspecific, but research shows different patterns of autonomic responses to positive/negative emotions.

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22
Q

What can the Schachter and Singer Cognitive Theory not fully account for?

A

What creates emotions.

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23
Q

Individual Response Stereotypy

A

The tendency of individuals to show the same response pattern to situations throughout their lifespan.

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24
Q

What happens to infants who are “highly reactive” to stimuli?

A

They may later have phobias/fear responses

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25
Q

Polygraph

A

“Lie detector”
- Measures bodily responses (heart rate and blood pressure)

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26
Q

What is the polygraph based on?

A

The assumption that lying produces an emotional and physiological response.

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27
Q

Are polygraphs reliable?

A

NO
- Anxiety can produce similar responses to “lies”

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28
Q

What are newer methods of lie detection?

A

Brain imaging

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29
Q

What do brain imaging techniques recognize when an individual is lying?

A

Some regions can be selectively activated by lying

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30
Q

What is a problem with brain imaging and lie detection?

A

It is highly problematic to detect individual lies

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31
Q

What does Paul Ekman say about facial expressions?

A

There are distinctive expressions for…
- Anger
- Sadness
- Happiness
- Fear
- Disgust
- Surprise
- Contempt
- Embarrassment

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32
Q

What can be detected across cultures?

A

Similar facial expressions that are used to express different emotions.

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33
Q

What is still under debate regarding facial expressions?

A

The extent of cultural influence

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34
Q

What is the relationship between isolated non-literate groups, and literate groups in regards to facial expressions?

A

The isolated non-literate groups are less likely to agree with judgements of certain facial expressions from literate groups.
(surprise and disgust)

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35
Q

What kind of communication are facial expressions considered?

A

Paralinguistic Communication

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36
Q

Paralinguistic Communication

A

An accessory to communication; not just something we automatically do

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37
Q

What are facial expressions commonly used for?

A

To interpret and understand other parts of communication (language)

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38
Q

What does Darwin suggest about expressions and emotions?

A

Expressions and emotions came from a common ancestor.

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39
Q

What did Darwin note about facial musculature?

A

There is a similarity in facial musculature and nerves in human/non human primates.

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40
Q

What is an example of similar facial musculature?

A

Chimps and baboons smile similarly

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41
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Examines how evolutionary selection pressures have shaped the behavior of humans and other animals.

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42
Q

What does evolutionary psychology suggest?

A

Emotions are broad motivational programs that coordinate various responses to solve adaptive problems.

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43
Q

What are examples of emotions helping solve adaptive problems?

A
  • Maintaining corporative relations with other members of your group
  • Choosing a mate
  • Avoiding predators
  • Finding food sources
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44
Q

Successful Fear Response

A

Escaping/fighting off predators

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45
Q

What does successful fear response lead to?

A

Being more likely to pass genes onto the next generation

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46
Q

What is the development of emotions at birth?

A

Some emotions are present

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47
Q

What is the development of emotions at 9 months?

A

All basic emotions are present

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48
Q

What is the development of emotions from 18-24 months?

A
  • Self Awareness
  • Embarrassment
  • Empathy
  • Envy
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49
Q

What is the development of emotions from 2-3 years?

A

Evaluative emotions develop
(pride, guilt, regret, shame)

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50
Q

Brain Self-Stimulation

A

Animals will work to provide electrical stimulation to brain sites (experience is very rewarding)

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51
Q

Is brain self-stimulation possible in humans?

A

Yes

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52
Q

What does brain self-stimulation help examine?

A

The number of sites in the brain that animals will work to stimulate

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53
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

A collection of axons traveling in the middle region of the forebrain.

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54
Q

Where does the medial forebrain bundle run?

A

Midbrain -> hypothalamus

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55
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

An important target involved in the dopaminergic circuit

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56
Q

What do the sites active in brain self-stimulation stimulate?

A

Cells and axons that are normally carrying information regarding rewarding stimuli

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57
Q

Decorticate Rage

A

A sudden intense rage in dogs with their cortex removed

58
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex’s relationship to rage?

A

It inhibits rage

59
Q

Why was the Papez Circuit developed?

A

To explain emotions
- couple more structures were added

60
Q

What did the Papez Circuit lead to?

A

The limbic system

61
Q

Limbic System

A

A widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network (important in emotions).

62
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral amygdala damage in monkeys

63
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome characterized by?

A

Emotional changes such as reduction of fear and anxiety.

64
Q

What did further studies recognize about the amygdala?

A

It is a key stricture in the mediation of fear

65
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Temporal lobe

66
Q

What parts of the brain does disgust activate?

A

The insula and putamen

67
Q

What parts of the brain does laughter activate?

A

The prefrontal cortex

68
Q

What effect does stimulating the prefrontal cortex have?

A

Relieves depressed moods

69
Q

What has been used to study other emotions in humans?

A

Neural circuitry

70
Q

What are the expressional differences of the two hemispheres?

A

Right: Reading people’s emotions

Left: More emotionally expressive

71
Q

The ___ hemisphere controls the ___ hemisphere.

A

Right, left

72
Q

What effect does damages to the two hemispheres have on their emotional tone?

A

Right: Damage causes patients to be cheerful

Left: Damage causes patients to produce depressive symptoms

73
Q

What are the recognition of emotions in vocal messages differences of the two hemispheres?

A

Right: Better at identifying emotional tone

Left: Better at interpreting the meaning of the message

74
Q

What does each ear strongly project to?

A

The opposite hemisphere

75
Q

What are the 3 conclusions of reactions to visual stimuli in the right hemisphere?

A
  1. Reacts more quickly and accurately
  2. Better at discriminating facial expressions in others
  3. Dominant in expressing emotions
76
Q

How do you determine cerebral differences?

A
  1. Present information to one visual field or another (or ear)
  2. Measure the reaction times to identifying emotions
77
Q

Which side of the face is more emotionally responsive?

A

The left side

78
Q

What are different emotions accompanied by?

A

Differences in brain activity

79
Q

What is unique about the emotions love and envy?

A

They can bilaterally increase activity in some areas while decreasing activity in other areas

80
Q

Where does the emotion love have increased activity?

A

Insula and anterior cingulate

81
Q

Where does the emotion love have decreased activity?

A
  • Posterior cingulate
  • Amygdala
  • Right prefrontal
82
Q

What is the emotion love compared to?

A

Friendship

83
Q

What can the same brain region participate in?

A

Different emotions

84
Q

What does the amygdala have a large role in?

A

Emotions and fear

85
Q

What effect does classical conditioning have on rodents?

A

It can elicit fear

86
Q

Explain how classical conditioning works.

A
  1. Pair a stimulus with an aversive stimulus (shock)
  2. Eventually after recognizing the first stimulus follows with shock, the rodent will fear the non aversive stimulus.
87
Q

Where does the amygdala send its reactions to stimulus?

A

Central Nucleus of Amygdala

88
Q

Central Nucleus of Amygdala

A

Transmits information to the brainstem centers

89
Q

What is produced when signals are sent to the central nucleus of the amydala?

A

Production of autonomic changes indicating fear

90
Q

What are examples of autonomic changes that show fear?

A
  • Freezing
  • Changes in blood pressure
91
Q

What are the 3 pathways of emotional responses?

A
  1. Central Gray Pathway
  2. Lateral Hypothalamus Pathway
  3. Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Pathway
92
Q

Central Gray Pathway

A

Evokes emotional behaviors

93
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus Pathway

A

Evokes autonomic responses

94
Q

Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Pathway

A

Evokes hormonal responses

95
Q

What are the 3 pathways of emotional response evoked by?

A

Activation of the lateral amygdala

96
Q

Explain the Patient S.M Case.

A
  • The patients amygdala was bilaterally degenerated
  • Showed little to no fear inducing stimuli
  • Displayed dark deposits of calcium in the amygdala of both hemispheres

= fearless

97
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that is intended to cause pain/harm to others, either individually or in groups

98
Q

Intermale Aggression

A

Aggression between males of the same species

99
Q

What is inter-male aggression very common in?

A

Vertebrates

100
Q

What does inter-male aggression suggest?

A

Evolutionary benefits

101
Q

What is believed about the relationship between androgens and aggression?

A

Testosterone (androgens in general) promote aggression

  • proven in some animal studies
102
Q

What are 2 confounding variables when studying the effect of androgens on aggression?

A
  1. Experience
  2. Dominance
    = can affect testosterone levels
103
Q

What is the relationship between winning and testosterone levels?

A

Winners display higher levels of testosterone while losers display lower levels

104
Q

What is another factor that can affect testosterone levels?

A

Differences in personalities

105
Q

What is the relationship between serotonin and aggression?

A

There is a negative correlation

Ex) Mice lacking serotonin are hyper aggressive

106
Q

What types of human actions are low serotonin levels found in?

A
  • Alcohol induced violence
  • Excessive military violence
  • Children with poor impulse control
107
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Key role in triggering aggression on/off (rodents)

108
Q

Does the VMH work better in one sex?

A

No it plays a role in both sexes

109
Q

What is an example of the VMH triggering aggression?

A

Maternal Aggression

110
Q

Maternal Aggression

A

Fierce defensive aggression of females defending their offspring

111
Q

Emotional Dys-control Syndrome

A

Temporal lobe disorders that may underlie some human violence

112
Q

What major structures does the temporal lobe contain

A

Limbic System =
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus

113
Q

Psychopaths

A

People incapable of experiencing remorse

114
Q

What area of the brain do psychopaths show less activity in?

A

Prefrontal cortex

115
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Controlling impulsive behavior

116
Q

Stress

A

Any circumstance that upsets the homeostatic balance.

117
Q

What 3 aspects fall under “stress”?

A
  • Stress stimuli
  • Stress processing
  • Stress responses
118
Q

Explain the bodys response to stress?.

A
  1. The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic NS to cause “fight or flight” response

2.The “fight or flight” response cause the adrenal medulla (core) to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

  1. The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary, which releases a hormone that drives the adrenal cortex to release adrenal steroid hormones (cortisol)
  2. The release of hormones prepares the body for action
119
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

The outer rind of the adrenal gland, which secretes steroid hormones, including cortisol

120
Q

Adrenal Corticosteroids

A

Steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.

121
Q

Cortisol

A

A glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex.

122
Q

What are most stressors in humans?

A

Psychosocial nature

123
Q

What is the effect of crowding?

A

Higher epinephrine secretion (adrenaline)

124
Q

What is the trend for epinephrine and norepinephrine levels on exam day?

A

They peak building up to the exam; especially on exam day

125
Q

Stress Immunization

A

The idea that mild stress early in life makes it easier to handle stress later in life.

126
Q

Where did the concept of stress immunization result from?

A

Rat studies

127
Q

Explain the rat studies in relation to stress immunization.

A

The rats who received increased attention from the mother after being taken away made them less affected by stress when they were older

128
Q

What is the conclusion of rat studies and stress immunization?

A

Epigenetic modifications result from early life experiences

129
Q

Psychosomatic Medicine

A

A field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease.

130
Q

Health Psychology

A

Studies psychological influences on health

131
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Studies the interactions of the immune and nervous systems.

132
Q

How does the brain affect the immune system?

A

Through autonomic nerves and by monitoring immune reactions

133
Q

What does the immune system act as?

A

A sensory receptor system; informing the brain

134
Q

What do the brain and immune system interact with?

A

The endocrine system

135
Q

What is an example of the brain interacting with the immune system?

A

COVID and the examination of microglia in the brain

136
Q

What are there reciprocal relationships between?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Immune system
137
Q

What can hormones released during stress do

A

Suppress the immune system

  • act as a short term defense mechanism
138
Q

What is long term stress detrimental to?

A

Immune function

139
Q

What is the relationship between physiological stress and immune function?

A

Physiological stress decreases immune function

140
Q

What are Type A and Type D behavioral patterns marked by?

A
  • Excessive driving
  • Impatience
  • Hostility
  • Heart disease
141
Q

What is the importance of stress and stress responses?

A

Allows our bodies to restore homeostasis/ remove the threat to homeostasis

142
Q

What does chronic stress lead to?

A

Pathological consequences

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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