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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 5: Hormones and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Hormones and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Do hormones have one effect on different systems, or a variety of effects?

A

Variety

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2
Q

How do hormones affect the body?

A

In myriad ways.

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3
Q

What system do hormones interact with the most?

A

The Nervous System

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4
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets.

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5
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Release Hormones within the body

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6
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears and sweat outside the body

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7
Q

What are the 6 forms of chemical communication?

A
  1. Synaptic
  2. Endocrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Paracrine
  5. Pheromone
  6. Allomone
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8
Q

Synaptic Communication

A

Involves chemical release and diffusion across a synapse

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9
Q

Endocrine Communication

A

A hormone is release into the bloodstream to act on target tissues.

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10
Q

Autocrine Communication

A

A released chemical acts on the releasing cell

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11
Q

Paracrine Communication

A

The released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

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12
Q

Pheromone Communication

A

Hormones can be used to communicate between individuals of the same species
- Pheromones are released into the environment

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13
Q

Allomone Communication

A

Allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species

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14
Q

What was the first major experiment on the endocrine system?

A

Arnold Berthold in 1800s

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15
Q

What did Berthold’s experiment examine?

A

The role of testes in roosters

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16
Q

Castration

A

Removal of the gonads (testes), resulting in behavioral and physiological changes.

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17
Q

What was Bertholds major findings in his experiment?

A

Testes release a chemical into the bloodstream that affects male behavior and body structure.

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18
Q

How did Berthold come to his findings?

A

He removed the testes of a rooster while it was young, and replaced the testes in adulthood.

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19
Q

Did the replacement of the testes in the rooster allow it to develop normally?

A

No - The rooster did not restore back to normal size, functioning, or behavior.

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20
Q

What did the replacement of the testes in the rooster indicate?

A

Hormones released by the testes must organize the body in a developmental manner.

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21
Q

What are the 8 general principles of hormone actions?

A
  1. Hormones act in a gradual fashion.
  2. Hormones act by changing the probability/intensity of a behavior (do not switch on and off).
  3. The relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal (influence each other)
  4. A hormone may have multiple effects, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones.
  5. Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern (it bursts).
  6. Some hormones are controlled by circadian clocks.
  7. Hormones can interact with other hormones and change their effects.
  8. Hormones can only affect cells with a receptor protein for their hormone.
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22
Q

Neurons influence _______.

A

Hormone systems

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23
Q

What can both neurotransmitters and hormone do?

A

Bind to receptors and activate second messengers, which bring about changed in cellular function.

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24
Q

Neurosecretory Cells

A

Neurons that release hormones into the blood

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25
Q

What are Neurosecretory Cells crucial for?

A

Brain control of the hormone systems

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26
Q

What can some peptides serve as?

A

Neurotransmitters (neuropeptides) and hormones

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27
Q

What is the 1st difference of neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • Neural communication travels to precise destinations.
  • Hormonal communication spreads throughout the body and is picked up by cells with the proper receptor.
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28
Q

What is the 2nd difference of neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • Neural messages are rapid
  • Hormonal messages are slower
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29
Q

What is the 3rd difference of neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • Neural messages travel short distance over the synaptic cleft.
  • Hormonal messages may travel over a meter
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30
Q

What is the 4th difference of neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • Neural messages are usually digital (all or none)
  • Hormonal messages are analog (graded in strength)
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31
Q

What is the 5th difference of neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • Neural communications are sometimes under voluntary control.
  • Hormone messages are involuntary
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32
Q

What are the 3 major classes of hormones based on their structure?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Amine
  3. Steroid
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33
Q

Protein Hormones

A

A string of amino acids
- called peptide hormones

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34
Q

Amine Hormone

A

Modified amino acids
- called monoamine hormones

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35
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

4 rings of carbon atoms
- based on a cholesterol backbone

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36
Q

How do hormones exert effects on cells and tissues in the body?

A
  1. Promoting proliferation, growth, and differentiation of cells.
  2. Modulating cell activity
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37
Q

What is the 1st way hormones produce their physiological effects?

A

Protein and amine hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of a cell. Causes release of a second messenger in the cell.

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38
Q

What is the 2nd way hormones produce their physiological effects?

A

Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell.

  • Steroid receptor complex binds to DNA and acts as a transcription factor (control gene expression)

= genomic effects of the steroid hormones

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39
Q

Protein and amine hormones act ____.

A

Rapidly

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40
Q

What happens when protein and amine hormones bind to the extracellular part of a receptor?

A

The receptor changes shape and the intracellular part activates a second messenger.

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41
Q

Steroid hormones act ___.

A

Slowly

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42
Q

What happens when steroid receptor complexes form?

A

They alter protein production with long lasting effects.

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43
Q

What do some steroids act on?

A

More than one receptor (receptor isoforms) with functional differences.

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44
Q

Receptor Isoforms

A

More than one receptor

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45
Q

What is necessary for the cell to respond to the steroid receptor complexes?

A

Steroid receptor cofactors

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46
Q

What do different cells express?

A

Different cofactors

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47
Q

What does the expression of different cofactors lead to?

A

Different effects on the same steroid receptor complex depending on the cofactor present.

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48
Q

What steroid has a non genomic effect?

A

Estradiol

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49
Q

Non Genomic Effect

A

A rapid, brief effect involving neuronal membrane receptors

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50
Q

What is an example of a non genomic effect?

A

Testosterone has rapid effects on receptors located in axons and other sites distant from the nucleus.

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51
Q

Sometimes the brain…

A
  1. Breaks down its own steroids
  2. Transforms one steroid into another
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52
Q

How is the release of hormones controlled?

A

Feedback systems

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53
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Output feeds back and inhibits further secretion.

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54
Q

Autocrine Response

A

An endocrine gland releasing hormone and feeding it back onto itself

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55
Q

Target Cell Feedback

A

The hormone acts on its target cells and had a biological effect

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56
Q

Biological Effect

A

Detected by the endocrine gland and inhibits further release

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57
Q

What do more complex endocrine systems involve?

A

Brain (usually hypothalamus)

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58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Can direct hormone release

  • The brain detects the hormone’s effects and exerts negative feedback onto the hypothalamus
59
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland involved with?

A
  1. Tropic Hormones
  2. Releasing Hormones
60
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Pituitary hormones that affect other endocrine glands

61
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

Used by the hypothalamus to control the pituitary release of tropic hormones.

62
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Posterior Pituitary
63
Q

The two parts of the pituitary are thought of as _____ _____.

A

Separate structures

64
Q

Pituitary Stalk (infundibulum)

A

Connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

65
Q

What does the stalk contain?

A

Blood vessels and many axons (only extend to the posterior pituitary)

66
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Vasopressin or Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
67
Q

Oxytocin

A

Involved in reproductive and parenting behavior
- also in uterine contraction and milk letdown reflex

68
Q

Milk Letdown Reflex

A

Sucking stimulates a reflex which produces the milk

69
Q

AVP / Vasopressin

A

Increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation

70
Q

What do vasopressin and oxytocin serve as?

A

Neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus

71
Q

Hypothalamic Neurons

A

Synthesize releasing hormones

72
Q

Median Eminence

A

Where the axons from releasing hormones converge

  • Above the pituitary stalk
73
Q

What are releasing hormones secreted into?

A

Local blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system

74
Q

What is released when the releasing hormones are carried into the anterior pituitary?

A

Tropic hormones

75
Q

What is the hypothalamus influenced by?

A
  1. Circulating messages (other hormones)
  2. Synaptic inputs from other brain areas
76
Q

What 6 tropic hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  2. Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
  3. Follicle Stimulating (FSH)
  4. Luteinizing (LH)
  5. Prolactin
  6. Growth (GH)
77
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Controls adrenal cortex and its steroid hormone release

78
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Increases thyroid hormone release

79
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Influence the gonads (testes)

80
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates egg containing follicles or sperm production

81
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

-Stimulates the follicles to form the corpora lutea
- Promotes testosterone release

82
Q

What 2 tropic hormones are gonadotropins?

A
  1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  2. Luteinizing Hormone
83
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior

84
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Influences growth mostly during sleep.

85
Q

What other hormone also evokes Growth Hormone release?

A

Ghrelin (stomach hormone)

86
Q

What can alterations in hormone systems produce?

A

Profound effects on the individual

87
Q

What is an example of an alteration in the hormone system?

A

Stress

88
Q

Psychosocial Dwarfism

A

A failure to grow caused by stress in early life

89
Q

Somatomedins

A

Hormones that normally aid growth

90
Q

What are somatomedins released by?

A

The liver in response to growth hormones

91
Q

What can interfere with growth hormone release?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Sleep deprivation

= negative effects on normal growth

92
Q

Who normally shows psychosocial dwarfism?

A

Children growing up in severely abusive/stressful households

93
Q

What does psychosocial dwarfism illustrate?

A

Interactions between “environment” and basic body functioning

94
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Located at the top of each kidney and secrete hormones

95
Q

Adrenal Gland in mammals

A

Outer 80%

96
Q

Adrenal Medulla in mammals

A

Core 20%

97
Q

What two amine hormones does the Adrenal Medulla release?

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (non-adrenaline)
98
Q

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine controlled by?

A

The sympathetic NS

99
Q

Adrenocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

100
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

A subgroup involved with glucose metabolism

101
Q

Cortisol

A

A glucocorticoid stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein

102
Q

HPA Axis

A

The system from the hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> adrenal gland

103
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Adrenal steroids that affect ion concentrations in tissues

104
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

105
Q

Aldosterone

A

Acts on the kidneys to retain sodium

106
Q

Sex Steroids

A

Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex

107
Q

What is an example of a sex steroid?

A

Androstenedione

108
Q

Androstenedione

A

Affects patterns of body hair in men and women

109
Q

What do the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormones

110
Q

What is the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by?

A

The pituitary gland

111
Q

What is the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controlled by?

A
  1. Negative feedback from blood levels
  2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus
112
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

Located in the hypothalamus and controls TSH

113
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

General effects on growth and basic nervous system functioning

114
Q

What do thyroid hormones contain?

A

Iodine - dependent on its supply

115
Q

Goiter

A

A swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency

116
Q

What can early thyroid deficiency result in?

A
  1. Congenital Hypothyroidism
  2. Cognitive impairments
117
Q

Gonads

A

Ovaries and testes
- produce sex steroids

118
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Released by the hypothalamus to control gonadal hormone production.

119
Q

What does GnRH stimluate?

A

The anterior pituitary

  • releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) or Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
120
Q

Kisspeptin

A

A hypothalamic peptide that stimulates GnRH
- involved in the onset of puberty

121
Q

Gonadotropin Inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)

A

Released by the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropic secretion

122
Q

What do testes produce?

A

Testosterone

123
Q

Androgens

A

Male hormones

124
Q

What is an example of an andorgen?

A

Testosterone

125
Q

What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) regulate?

A

Luteinizing Hormone -> regulates testosterone

126
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce hormones in cycles, called progestins

127
Q

What is an example of a progestin?

A

Progesterone

128
Q

What are example of estrogens?

A
  1. 17B Estradiol
  2. Estradiol
129
Q

What controls ovarian hormone release?

A
  1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    2.Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Those are both controlled by GnRH
130
Q

Oral Contraceptives

A

Contain synthetic steroids that inhibit the release of GnRH

131
Q

What occurs when there is a lack of GnRH?

A
  • Prevents the release of FSH and LH
    = No egg is released by the ovary
132
Q

Pineal Gland

A

A single gland on top of the brainstem

133
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin (amine hormone)
- almost exclusively at night

134
Q

Melatonin

A

Provides a signal that tracks day length and the seasons

135
Q

How does oxytocin play a role in social behavior?

A

Oxytocin is released during nursing interaction and orgasm

  • promotes pair bonds in prairie voles
136
Q

How does vasopressin play a role in social behavior?

A

In male prairie voles, it facilitates the formation of pair-bonds with females.

137
Q

Prairie Voles are _____.

A

Monogamous

138
Q

Meadow Voles are ____.

A

Not monogamous

139
Q

Monogamous

A

One sexual relationship to one parter at a given time.

140
Q

What does endocrine pathology resemble?

A

Psychiatric Disorders

141
Q

What is are 2 examples of endocrine pathology resembling a psychiatric disorder?

A
  1. One type of ADHD involves decreased sensitivity to thyroid hormone
  2. Cushing’s Disease results from long term excess of glucorticoids, with symptoms of fatigue and depression.
142
Q

What are the 4 ways the hormonal and neural system communicate?

A
  1. Neural to neural
  2. Neural to endocrine
  3. Endocrine to endocrine
  4. Endocrine to neural
143
Q

What does experience affect?

A

Hormone secretion, which affects behavior, which affects future experiences

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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