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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 19: Language and Lateralization > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Language and Lateralization Flashcards

1
Q

Lateralization

A

One hemisphere being mire specialized in one domain compared to the other hemisphere.

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2
Q

What is the most well known lateralization of function?

A

Language

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3
Q

What was discovered about hemispheres in the early 20th century?

A

The two hemispheres are not identical in terms of language functioning.

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4
Q

What was discovered over time about the cerebral hemispheres and their function?

A

The cerebral hemispheres are lateralized in terms of function.

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5
Q

What notion of cerebral dominance is incorrect?

A

The theory of being “left” or “right” brained

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6
Q

Where does a lot of information about hemispheric asymmetry come from?

A

“Split-brain” individuals

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7
Q

Split-Brain Individual

A

The corpus callosum has been cut.

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8
Q

What do visual fields connect to?

A

The opposite hemisphere

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9
Q

How is language visually produced in the left visual field?

A
  • The image seen in the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere.
  • The information crosses back into the left hemisphere where it is converted to language.
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10
Q

How is language visually produced in the right visual field?

A
  • The image seen in the right visual field goes to the left hemisphere.
  • The information stays in the left hemisphere where it is processed into language.
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11
Q

What brings stimuli from the visual field to the opposite hemisphere in split brain individuals?

A

Subcortical pathways

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12
Q

How do split brain individuals process information from the right hemisphere to language.

A

They do not
- split corpus callosum prevents right hemisphere from communicating with language

= verbal responses to stimuli are IMPOSSIBLE

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13
Q

What visual field allows split brain individuals to verbally respond to stimuli?

A

Right visual field

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14
Q

Why can’t an individual explain why they pointed to a picture when they are asked?

A

The left hemisphere is trying to communicate with the right hemisphere after the task is already done.

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15
Q

Is the right hemisphere completely uninvolved in language in split brain individuals?

A

No - It can still recognize simple words and participate in the emotional context of verbal material.

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16
Q

What is the right hemisphere specialized for?

A
  • Spatial information
  • Facial perception
  • Attention
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17
Q

What is unique about the general display of split brain individuals?

A

They do not seem to present as “split-brain” individuals

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18
Q

Callosal Agenesis

A

People born without a corpus callosum

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19
Q

Can development compensate for the lack of a corpus callosum?

A

Yes
- Through inter-hemispheric connections

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20
Q

What can auditory systems be used to investigate?

A

Lateralization

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21
Q

Dichotic Presentation

A

You present two different sounds to the two ears at the same time.

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22
Q

Which hemisphere processes sounds the most?

A

The left hemisphere

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23
Q

How is verbal information processed by the left ear?

A
  • It is processed by the right auditory cortex.
  • Transmitted back to the speech systems in the left hemisphere
    = patient repeats word
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24
Q

How is verbal information processed by the right ear?

A
  • Processed by the left auditory cortex.
  • Stays in the same hemisphere to be processed by the speech systems.
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25
Q

What happens when sound is present in both ears at the same time?

A

The information from the right ear reaches the left hemisphere first.
- Only repeats right ear information

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26
Q

Why is there a right ear advantage to dichotic presentation?

A

The right ear connects with the left auditory cortex better

language is processed within left hemisphere

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27
Q

Tachistoscope Test

A

A test in which stimuli are very briefly presented to either the left or right visual half field.

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28
Q

What does the tachistoscope test confirm?

A
  • Left hemisphere is better at recognizing verbal stimuli
  • Right hemisphere is better with nonverbal stimuli (visual)
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29
Q

When does asymmetric gene expression begin?

A

12-14 weeks after gestation

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30
Q

When do primates show greater left hemisphere activation?

A

When listening to other primate vocalizations

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31
Q

What do non-primates/mammals show preference for?

A

The use of limbs on one side over the other

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32
Q

What does evidence suggest about the planum temporale?

A

It is larger in the left hemisphere for most people.

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33
Q

Planum Temporale

A

A region in the upper temporal lobe that is involved in language, speech processing, and pitch processing

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34
Q

What does the larger size of the planum temporale seem to be related to?

A

General auditory processing abilities

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35
Q

What is an example of someone who shows differences in planum temporale size?

A

Musicians (larger)
Non-musicians (smaller)

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36
Q

What is true about the relationship between the hemispheres and language/music?

A

Both hemispheres contribute, but the function is generally lateralized

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37
Q

What is the Wada Test used for?

A

Used to study each hemisphere in isolation.

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38
Q

Explain the Wada Test

A
  1. Anesthetic amobarbital is injected into the carotid artery by a catheter.
  2. The injection shuts down the cerebral hemisphere on the same side of the body.
  3. The functions performed by the opposite hemisphere are revealed
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39
Q

What is an example of the Wada Test?

A

If you shut down the right hemisphere, the subject can still talk but not hold up their left arm.

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40
Q

What is the conclusion of spatial recognition from the Wada Test?

A

The right hemisphere is better at processing spatial stimuli
(shapes, faces, rotation of objects)

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41
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

A condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces (including your own).

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42
Q

How is prosopagnosia developed?

A

Can be acquired or genetic

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43
Q

How much of the population suffers from prosopagnosia?

A

2.5%

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44
Q

What happens when the right hemisphere is damaged?

A

Impairments in facial recognition

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45
Q

What needs to happen to have complete prosopagnosia?

A

Bilateral damage

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46
Q

Fusiform Gyrus

A

May contain subregions that are important for recognizing faces

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47
Q

What is prosopagnosia often associated with?

A

Agnosia

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48
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to identify items, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color; frequently individuals with large categories.

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49
Q

What is language considered?

A

A type of communication

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50
Q

What is language specialized towards?

A

Only humans; animals only communicate

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51
Q

What is the only way for apes to be trained in language?

A

Sign/symbol language

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52
Q

What do studies of apes likely have?

A

-Bias
-Experimenter influences

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53
Q

Can apes and chimps develop language?

A

Not the full capability, even with training.

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54
Q

What is an example of animal analogy to human language?

A

Bird songs

MUST BE LEARNED (same with humans and talking)

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55
Q

Why do male birds produce the ability to sing songs?

A

Males produce songs as a part of social and reproductive behavior

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56
Q

What are the 3 steps to male birds producing songs?

A
  1. Exposure; exposure to fathers model becomes a stored model
  2. Trial and Error; the male practices song to match the fathers model
  3. Fixing the song into permanent form
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57
Q

What do lesions of the direct auditory pathway in birds lead to?

A

The disruption of song performance at any time.

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58
Q

What does lesions to an indirect pathway in birds lead to?

A

Disruption of song acquisition

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59
Q

What do lesions in auditory regions in bird adulthood lead to?

A

No disruption to performance

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60
Q

What is a common behavior for primates when hearing?

A

Pointing their right ear towards the sound.

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61
Q

What are the electrical activity changes within cortical regions of primates similar to?

A

Human language cortical areas

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62
Q

Phonemes

A

Basic speech sounds

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63
Q

Morphemes

A

Basic units of “meaning”

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64
Q

Semantics

A

Words with meaning

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65
Q

What can semantics be?

A

A combination of morphemes

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66
Q

Syntax

A

Sentences

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67
Q

What is our speech affected and interpreted by?

A

Pragmatics and prosody

68
Q

Pragmatics

A

The context in which things are spoken

69
Q

Prosody

A

Emotional tone and emphasis

70
Q

What happens to the human brain during development?

A

It adapts for language through rapid acquisition

71
Q

What is an affect of a potential sensitive period of developing language?

A

It can be harder to learn language in adulthood

72
Q

What did language most likely evolve from?

A

Hand and face gestures

73
Q

What part of the brain is used during sign language?

A

The same parts as spoken language use

74
Q

What happens to deaf children who do not have access to sign language?

A

They develop their own form of sign language

75
Q

What does the evolution from hand gestures to spoken language explain?

A

The lateralization of language

76
Q

Where does much of the understanding of language come from?

A

People with language impairments

77
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

The anterior frontal region

78
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

The temporal region

79
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in Broca’s area?

A

Issues with speech

80
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in Wernicke’s area?

A

Issues with language comprehension

81
Q

What does injury to the supramarginal gyrus cause?

A

Issues with the repetition of heard speech

82
Q

Supramarginal Gyrus

A

A region in the parietal lobe used in cortical speech

83
Q

Where are most people’s language abilities found?

A

The left hemisphere

84
Q

What does damage to language areas lead to?

A

Aphasia

85
Q

Aphasia

A

An impairment in language understanding and/or production that is caused by brain injury.

86
Q

What can aphasia be accompanied by?

A

Agraphia

87
Q

Agraphia

A

The inability to write

88
Q

Alexia

A

The inability to read fluently

89
Q

Nonfluent Aphasia (Broca’s)

A

Difficulty with speech production but not with language comprehension.

90
Q

What is nonfluent aphasia related to?

A

Damage in Broca’s area

91
Q

What is often preserved in a person who suffers from nonfluent aphasia?

A

Automatic speech
- Small sayings
- Swear words

92
Q

Fluent Aphasia (Wernicke’s)

A

Fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension.

93
Q

What is fluent aphasia related to?

A

Damage in Wernicke’s area

94
Q

What is fluent aphasia characterized by?

A
  • Word substitutions
  • New word use
95
Q

What do people who suffer from fluent aphasia have difficulty with?

A
  • Repeating words
  • Understanding language
96
Q

What can people who have fluent aphasia still interpret?

A

Facial expressions

97
Q

What other disorder is common with fluent aphasia?

A

Anomia

98
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty naming objects/people

99
Q

What does anomia result from?

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area

100
Q

Global Aphasia

A

A total loss of ability to understand or produce language.

101
Q

What does global aphasia generally result from?

A

Very large left-hemisphere lesions
(attacks both anterior and posterior language zones)

102
Q

What did aphasia and brain lesions lead to?

A

Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Aphasia

103
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Aphasia

A

The theory that Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area specialize in the receptive and expressive aspects of language.

104
Q

What is the problem with the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Aphasia?

A

It does not work well for explaining language

105
Q

What does damage to the arcuate fasciculus produce?

A

Conduction aphasia

106
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

A white matter tract initially theorized to connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.

107
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Impairment in the repetition of words and sentences but still have fluent speech/comprehension.

108
Q

What do imaging and electrophysiological recording studies show?

A

Large variations in regions responsible for different aspects of language

109
Q

Motor Theory of Language

A

The left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems that are concerned with both the precise production and the perception of extremely complex movements that go into speech.

110
Q

What does the motor theory of language believe?

A

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is oversimplified

111
Q

The differences between production and conduction are…

A

not very simple

112
Q

Anterior Region of Left Hemisphere

A

Programs simple phonemes of speech.

113
Q

Posterior Region of Left Hemisphere

A

String sounds into long sequences of movement.

114
Q

What can speech sounds be simplified to?

A

Auditory representations of complex facial movements and gestures

115
Q

What brain region is used to make facial movements?

A

The same region that perceived the sound

116
Q

What is the problem with the motor theory?

A

It is too simplified

117
Q

What does language involve?

A

A more holistic processing of multiple regions simultaneously

118
Q

What do experiments use to see what areas are involved in langauge?

A

Electrical stimulation

119
Q

What happens when specific brain sites are stimulated in bilingual individuals?

A

They have trouble in one language or the other (never at the same time)

120
Q

Why do bilingual never have difficulty in both languages when stimulated?

A

Different subregions are tied to certain languages

121
Q

What does speech production also involve?

A

Hand areas of the motor cortex

122
Q

What does TMS stimulation of Broca’s area effect?

A

Semantic (meaningful) processing

123
Q

What does TMS stimulation of Wernicke’s area effect?

A

Phonological (sound pattern) processing

124
Q

What do PET scans during different language tasks reveal?

A

Overlapping distinct systems that are involved in language

125
Q

What does the passive viewing of words activate?

A

Posterior area within the left hemisphere

126
Q

What does the passive hearing of words activate?

A

The focus of maximum brain activation to the temporal lobes

127
Q

What does the repetition of words activate?

A

The motor cortex on both sides

128
Q

What happens to activity in Broca’s area during word repetition?

A

There is little activity until participants are asked to generate a verb to a given noun.

129
Q

How do people in the Canary Islands communicate?

A

Silbo Gomero (whistling)

130
Q

What do fMRIs reveal about Silbo Gomero?

A

It is processed in the same regions as spoken languages

131
Q

Where is whistling processed in non Silbo users?

A

Other regions due to not recognizing it as a language

132
Q

What parts of the brain does sign language use?

A

The same parts as verbal language

133
Q

What have a number of genes been identified as?

A

important for language development

134
Q

Williams Syndrome

A

A disorder characterized by fluent language function but poor performance on standard IQ tests and difficulty with spatial processing.

135
Q

What is williams syndrome characterized with?

A

Increased fluency and mild cognitive disability

136
Q

What happens to genes in williams syndrome?

A

About 28 genes are deleted

137
Q

What does evidence suggest about stuttering?

A

It also has a genetic component and is partially heritable

138
Q

What is considered an ancient human adaption?

A

Language

139
Q

What are considered recent developments?

A

Reading and writing

140
Q

Dyslexia

A

A reading disorder attributed to brain impairment.

141
Q

What is dyslexia not necessarily related to?

A

Intelligence

142
Q

What do people with dyslexia show larger levels of?

A

Differences in the brain

143
Q

What do brain regions activated in dyslexia depend on?

A

The type of written language

144
Q

What causes dyslexia with alphabet letters?

A

A lesion in the left temporoparietal cortex

145
Q

What causes dyslexia with logographic symbols?

A

A lesion in the left medial frontal cortex

146
Q

What are the two kinds of dyslexia?

A
  1. Acquired dyslexia
  2. Developmental dyslexia
147
Q

Acquired Dyslexia

A

Occurs because of injury or disease; lesions of some kind.

148
Q

Deep Dyslexia

A

The person reads a word as another word that has similar meaning.

149
Q

What is an example of deep dyslexia?

A

Saying cow for horse (both animals)

150
Q

What are the two kinds of acquired dyslexia?

A
  1. Deep dyslexia
  2. Surface dyslexia
151
Q

Surface Dyslexia

A

The person seems to attend only to the fine details of reading.

152
Q

What is a characteristic about a person reading who has surface dyslexia?

A

They are able to read nonsense words due to letter to sound rules

153
Q

What words do people with surface dyslexia have trouble reading?

A

Words that do not follow letter to sound rules

154
Q

What does surface dyslexia not occur in?

A

Languages that are perfectly phonetic

155
Q

Developmental Dyslexia

A

Associated with brain abnormalities present from birth.

156
Q

How popular is developmental dyslexia in children?

A

About 5% of children

157
Q

What is developmental dyslexia more common in?

A

boys and left-handed people

158
Q

What is developmental dyslexia associated with?

A

Neural abnormalities

159
Q

What does evidence suggest about developmental dyslexia?

A

It may involve a lack in phonological processing (recognizing phonemes

160
Q

What does developmental dyslexia involve connections between?

A

Connections among different systems underlying phonological processing and semantic processing

161
Q

What is a neural abnormality in people who have dyslexia?

A

They have microscopic anomalies called..
- ectopias
- dysplasia
- micropygids

in their brain that are responsible for dyslexia

162
Q

The brain is highly…

A

plastic/shapable

163
Q

What does having a plastic brain mean?

A

It can recover quite a bit from injuries over time (including aphasia)

164
Q

What is aphasia caused by?

A

Strokes

165
Q

What can children show remarkable recovery from?

A

Left Hemispherectomies

166
Q

Left Hemispherectomies

A

Removal of the left hemisphere

167
Q
A

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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