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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria of classic neurotransmitters

A
  1. Present in synaptic axon terminals
  2. Presynaptic cell has enzymes for NT (makes for a reason)
  3. Action potentials produce significant release of NTs
  4. NT receptors located on the postsynaptic cell
  5. Application of NT produces change in postsynaptic cell
  6. If you block NT release, it prevents the postsynaptic effects
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2
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

The discovery and study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system.

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3
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Short string of amino acids

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4
Q

Retrograde Transmitters

A

Go from postsynaptic cell to presynaptic cell (backwards)

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5
Q

Amino Acids (ex)

A

GABA and Glutamate

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6
Q

GABA

A

Primary fast inhibitory NT

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7
Q

Glutamate

A

Primary fast excitatory NT

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8
Q

Monoamines (ex)

A

NTs involved in regulating mood and memory

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9
Q

Dopamine, Norepinephrine,
and Epinephrine are all…

A

Monoamines

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A compound that functions as a NT

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11
Q

Ligand

A

Any substance that binds to a receptor and has some sort of effect

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12
Q

Agonists

A

Substances that mimic hormones/neurotransmitters to trigger a response when they bind to a receptor

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13
Q

Antagonists

A

Substances that block the action of other substances, such as agonists.

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14
Q

Inverse Agonist

A

Produces opposite effect from normal activation of a receptor

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15
Q

Competitive Ligand

A

A drug that binds to the same receptor site as another ligand/agonist and prevents the agonist from binding and activating the receptor.

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16
Q

Non-Competitive Ligand

A

A compound that binds to a receptor protein at a different site than an agonist and prevents the agonists biological response

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17
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A

Ionotropic and Excitatory

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18
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A

Postganglionic cells of autonomic system (parasympathetic)

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19
Q

Dopamine D1 and D5

A

Stimulate production of cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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20
Q

Dopamine D2, D3, and D4

A

Inhibit production of cAMP

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21
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA): DA Neurons

A

Involved in reward, emotion, reinforcement, and addiction

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22
Q

Substantia Nigra: DA Neurons

A

Innervate the dorsal striatum = motor control

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23
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

Destruction of Substantia Nigra dopamine neurons

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24
Q

Norepinephrine a1

A

Activates Phospholipase C

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25
Q

Norepinephrine B1 and B2

A

Stimulatory to cAMP system

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26
Q

Norepinephrine a2

A

Inhibitory to cAMP system

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27
Q

Serotonin

A

Involved in mood, anxiety, sleep, and variety of other functions

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28
Q

Generalization

A

The RECEPTOR determines whether NT is excitatory or inhibitory

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29
Q

GABA

A

The primary inhibitory NT in the central nervous system

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30
Q

GABA A

A

Receptor, Ionotropic, Chloride Channel

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31
Q

GABA B

A

Receptor, Metabotropic, Slow IPSP

32
Q

Glutamate

A

Primary fast excitatory NT in the Central Nervous System

33
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

Magnesium block requires depolarization to open

34
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

Sodium channels that when open, produce EPSP

35
Q

Glutamate Synapses

A

Found on dendritic spine heads

36
Q

GABA Synapses

A

Found on the dendritic shaft of spine, cell bodies, and close to axon hillock

37
Q

Peptide

A

Co-Transmitters

38
Q

Opioid Peptide

A

Usually released with GABA from GABAergic neurons

39
Q

Gases

A

Often retrograde. Simply diffuses across cell membrane

40
Q

Gas Example

A

Nitric Oxide

41
Q

Binding Affinity

A

The strength of the binding interaction between a single biomolecule (protein/DNA) to its ligand/binding partner

42
Q

Dose Response Curve

A

The graphical relationship between the dose of a drug versus the effects the drug exerts on the system.

43
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Tolerance is built due to change in how the drug is metabolized (by the liver)

44
Q

Functional Tolerance

A

The ability of an individual’s brain to adapt and operate normally even when exposed to high levels of alcohol or drugs
- Underlies withdrawal symptoms

45
Q

Sensitization

A

The opposite of tolerance

46
Q

Serotonin Reuptake Transporter

A

SERT

47
Q

Norepinephrine Reuptake Transporter

A

NET

48
Q

Dopamine Reuptake Transporter

A

DAT

49
Q

1st Generation Antipsychotics

A

Antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

50
Q

2nd Generation Antipsychotics

A

Actions other than or in addition to D2 receptor

51
Q

Antidepressent

A

Class of drugs that relieve symptoms of depression

52
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors

A

A class of enzymes that break down and thereby inactivate monoamine transmitters

53
Q

Anxiolytics

A

A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety

54
Q

Anxiolytics Examples

A

Alcohol, Opiates, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines

55
Q

Depressents

A

A drug that reduces the excitability of neurons

56
Q

Barbiturate

A

A powerful sedative anxiolytic with dangerous addiction and overdose potential

57
Q

Benzodiazepine Agonists

A

A class of anti-anxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABA A receptors

58
Q

Neuroactive Drugs

A

Drugs used to alter consciousness

59
Q

Efficacy

A

The extent to which ligand activated receptor.
- May not activate it as well as another drug.

60
Q

Competitive Ligand

A

Competes with it for its binding site.

61
Q

Non-Competitive Ligand

A

Will bind to a place where the neurotransmitter does not bind to.

62
Q

Exogenous

A

Comes from outside the body

63
Q

Endogenous

A

Comes from inside the body

64
Q

iGluRs

A

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors

65
Q

Direct

A

Binds directly to the receptor site

66
Q

Indirect

A

Blocking reuptake / “do something else”
- Does not bind to receptor site

67
Q

ED 50 Curve

A

Dose that produces half the maximal effect

68
Q

Maximal Response Curve

A

Where the drugs response maxes out

69
Q

Therapeutic Index Curve

A

Distance between LD50 and TD50

70
Q

LD50

A

Dose that kills half of the people/animals that receive it

71
Q

TD50

A

Dose that produces toxicity in half of the people/animals that receive it.

72
Q

Upregulation

A

The more the receptors, the more neurotransmitters bind.

73
Q

Down regulation

A

When agonists bind for a longer time = desensitization

74
Q

Tricyclics

A

Block NET and SERT

75
Q

Alcohol

A

Structure is very similar to water which allows it to flow freely through the body.

76
Q
A

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (11 decks)

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