Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the properties of a species over generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It was originally believed that each species was created ___.

A

Seperately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Speciation

A

Development of new and separate species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homology

A

Relationships among species; features are based on common ancestors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paleontology

A

Suggested evolution
- Found fossil similarities between current and past species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Darwins theory is based on his…

A

Trip to the Galapagos Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Darwins 4 observations?

A
  1. Reproduction increases population unless factors limit it.
  2. Individuals in a species are not identical.
  3. Some variation among individuals is inherited.
  4. Not all offspring survive to reproduce.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Darwin’s major inference from his observations?

A

Heritable variations among individuals affect probability of surviving & reproducing.

=The probability of passing on those characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Darwin’s major contribution?

A

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Natural Selection

A

The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with heritable characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Every species occupies a ___.

A

“Niche” in their ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

How well a species/member of the species fits into its niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sexual Selection

A

The passing down of certain traits that enhance mating success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Convergence

A

Similar traits/characteristics can develop separately and independently in different species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an example of convergence?

A
  1. Bats and birds both fly
  2. Dolphins and fish both swim/have fins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similar features that evolved separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homoplasy contrasts….

A

Homology (features based on common ancestry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of homology?

A

Seal flippers are similar to a human arm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Analogy

A

Similar function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of analogy?

A

An elephant trunk and a human hand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mendel (heritability)

A

Created laws of inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hugo de Vries (heritability)

A

Stated that mutations occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mutations

A

Spontaneous changed in an organism’s characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mechanism of Inheritance

A

Genes are encoded in DNA which are inside all cells.

25
Q

How many chromosome pairs do humans have?

A

23 pairs (2 copies of each gene)

26
Q

Males have what type of chromosomes?

A

X and Y

27
Q

What does it mean when genes are “conserved”?

A

There is little change/difference among species.

28
Q

True or False: There are considerable genetic similarities among all living cellular organisms.

A

TRUE

29
Q

Linnaeus (1700’s)

A

The classification of animals is based on the similarities among animals.

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

The classification system of animals.

31
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of species.

32
Q

Modern classification of species consist of…

A

Phylogenetic closeness.

33
Q

There is a ___ rate of DNA change.

A

constant

34
Q

What can changes in DNA be used for?

A

Estimate when two species diverged from a common ancestor.

35
Q

What are the 6 ways to choose species?

A
  1. Outstanding features
  2. Convenience
  3. Comparison
  4. Preservation
  5. Economic Importance
    6.Treatment of disease
36
Q

Are most animals invertebrates or vertebrates?

A

Invertebrates

37
Q

What is the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates?

A

Invertebrates: Do not have a backbone

Vertebrates: Have a backbone

38
Q

Do invertebrates have more or less neurons?

A

Less neurons but have large complexity in their NS.

39
Q

How do we study evolution in the brain?

A

Compare the brains of species engaging in different kinds of behaviors.

40
Q

What is an example of studying brain evolution?

A

Compare the warblers singing to their HVC size (displays song production).

41
Q

HVC

A

Higher vocal center

42
Q

What is the relationship between brain amount and importance of a function?

A

The more brain amount, the more important the function is.

43
Q

What are examples of the brain amount and function relationship?

A
  1. Warblers: HVC size and # of songs they know
  2. Birds: Hippocampus size and their food storing ability
  3. Rats: Cortex devoted to whisker representation and their whiskers.
44
Q

What are the 6 basic similarities across vertebrate systems?

A
  1. Development from a hollow dorsal tube.
  2. Bilateral symmetry.
  3. Segmentation.
  4. Hierarchical control.
  5. Separate systems (central & peripheral).
  6. Functional specialization
45
Q

What are examples of regions that have been changed/altered?

A
  1. The midbrain optic tectum has becomes the visual reflex center in mammals.
  2. All mammals have a neocortex with 6 layers, but now more than 50% of the brain is devoted to the neocortex.
  3. Reptiles developed a 3 layered cortex, which may be similar to the mammalian hippocampus (3 layers).
46
Q

Is evolution linearly oriented towards a particular goal?

A

No (birds and brain size)

47
Q

Brain size must account for ___ size.

A

Body

48
Q

Smaller animals have a ___ brain-body ration than humans.

A

Greater

49
Q

Encephalization Factor

A

Takes into account each class’s deviation from the center line.

50
Q

What do brain region proportions in primates display?

A

The relative importance of the cortex in primates (especially humans).

Cortex = higher cognitive functions

51
Q

Regions of the brain that develop later become…

A

Larger

52
Q

Small changes in genes lead to…

A

Big changes in the brain

EX: Cortex cells are added to outer layers at a later time.

53
Q

What accounts for differences in primate brains?

A
  1. Protracted (later) brain development
  2. When genes are turned on/off
  3. Whether genes are turned on/off
  4. Where genes are turned on/off
54
Q

Where do we see the largest divergence of gene expression?

A

In humans compared to other primates for brain related genes.

55
Q

Brain Evolution: 4 Million yrs ago

A

Began walking on two feet

56
Q

Brain Evolution: 2.5 million yrs ago

A

Stone tools

57
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

A

A larger cortex is needed to handle complex social relationships.

58
Q

What are the other suggestions for brain growth (not main)?

A
  1. Behavioral innovations
  2. Tool use
  3. Social learning (observation)
  4. Sexual selection
59
Q

Why is it difficult to get larger brains in humans?

A

A baby still needs to be able to fit out of the uterus at birth.

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions