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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 7: Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Initial development occurs in the…

A

zygote and embryo

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2
Q

How many cell layers does the embryo develop?

A

3

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer cell layer = The NS

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4
Q

How long after implantation is development shown?

A

18-24 days

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5
Q

What is stage 1 of NS development?

A

Neurogenesis

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6
Q

What is stage 2 of NS development?

A

Cell Migration

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7
Q

What is stage 3 of NS development?

A

Differentiation

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8
Q

What is stage 4 of NS development?

A

Synaptogenesis

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9
Q

What is stage 5 of NS development?

A

Neuronal Cell Death

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10
Q

What is stage 6 of NS development?

A

Synapse Rearrangement

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11
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The cells on the inner side of the neural tube divide to create the ventricular zone.

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12
Q

Ventricular Zone

A

Cells from which all neurons and gila cells are derived

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13
Q

What is a cells birthdate?

A

The point at which they stop dividing.

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14
Q

What determines what kind of cell is born?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors (cell to cell interactions)

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15
Q

Intrinsic Factors of Neurogenesis

A

Genetic determination of a cell’s fate

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16
Q

Extrinsic Factors of Neurogenesis

A

Cells interact with each other to determine fate

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17
Q

Which type of factor makes it harder to predict a cell’s fate?

A

Extrinsic

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18
Q

Vertebrate Neuron Development

A

More focused on extrinsic factors and much less hardwired.

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19
Q

Invertebrate Development

A

More dependent on intrinsic factors

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20
Q

Vertebrates are born with…

A

Most of the neurons they will ever have.

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21
Q

Cell Migration

A

Neurons move from their original location to a new destination in the developing brain.

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22
Q

When is cell migration done in primates?

A

By birth

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23
Q

In what animal does cell migration occur after birth?

A

Rats

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24
Q

What is cell migration dependent on?

A

CAMS = Cell Adhesion Molecules

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25
Q

What do CAMS help guide in adulthood?

A

Axon cuts

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26
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

The development of intrinsic self organization.

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27
Q

Cell Autonomous

A

Genes determine cellular fate

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28
Q

Regulation

A

Adaptions of cells occur in response to early injuries.

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29
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells are placed into a new environment and develop appropriately.

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30
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The growth of neuronal processes (axons and dendrites)

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31
Q

Where do axons and dendrites have growth cones?

A

Their ends

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32
Q

What is axon growth guided by?

A

Chemicals
- Chemoattractants
- Chemorepellants

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33
Q

Apoptosis

A

Neuronal cell death

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34
Q

Where does cell death occur?

A

Throughout the entire body.

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35
Q

Apoptotic Process

A
  1. There is an influx of Ca2+ ions outside the cell, and an internal storage agent releases Ca2+ ions inside the cell.
  2. High levels of Ca2+ enter the mitochondria, and the Diablo Protein is released inside the cell.
  3. The Diablo Protein binds to IAP’s so they can no longer pass block the caspases (enzymes related to apoptosis).
  4. A small waterfall of caspases destroy the various proteins and DNA of the cell, making it incapable of survival.
  5. The family of Bcl-2 proteins can inhibit apoptosis by blocking the release of Diablo from the mitochondria.
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36
Q

Diablo Protein

A

A protein in the mitochondria that promotes apoptosis.

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37
Q

What helps keeps cells alive?

A

Cell to cell interactions

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38
Q

How do synaptic targets play a role in cell survival?

A

The synaptic targets provide neurotrophic factors. The cells that get enough survive.

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39
Q

Nerve Growth Factor

A

Target organs provide proteins that prevent cells from dying.

40
Q

Synaptic Rearrangement

A

Many of the early synapses are retracted and new ones are added.

41
Q

Model of The Role of Neurotrophic Factors

A
  • Cells that take up enough neurotrophic factors live
  • Those cells compete for various neurotrophic factors and the synapses can re-arrange
  • Can be dependent on experiences that modulate synaptic activity
42
Q

Where do muscle cells receive input from in early development?

A

Several motor neurons

43
Q

Where do muscle cells receive input from in later development?

A

One singular motor neuron

44
Q

Glial Cell Development

A

Continuously occurs but is stronger after birth for many animals.

45
Q

When does myelination primarily occur?

A

After birth

46
Q

What is myelination important for?

A

Neural transmission or coordinated control

47
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

48
Q

What type of factor is genotype?

A

Intrinsic

49
Q

Phenotype

A

The sum of all your physical characteristics

50
Q

What does your phenotype result from?

A

The interaction of genotype with enviorment/experience

51
Q

What is responsible for neural development in invertebrates?

A

Genotype

52
Q

What is responsible for development in vertebrates?

A

Neurotrophic Factors (combination)

53
Q

Behavioral Teratology

A

Investigate how maternal environment for fetus influences NS development

54
Q

Hypoxia at birth

A

Disabilities and increased risk of schizophrenia.

55
Q

What happens when there is a lack of food during the prenatal period?

A

Increased risk of schizophrenia.

56
Q

Teratogen

A

Exogenous agent that may harm development (not just in the NS)

57
Q

What are examples of drugs that have teratogenic effects?

A

Thalidomide and Accutane

58
Q

Trisomy 21 / Down Syndrome

A

Variability in behavioral effects
- Mild to serious cognitive impairment

59
Q

What do most people with down syndrome develop?

A

Alzheimers disease

60
Q

How many people show symptoms of Alzheimers before 50?

A

10-25%

61
Q

Fagile X Syndrome

A

More than 200 trinucleotide repeats in the x chromosome, causing the x chromosome to break

62
Q

Is fragile x more common in males or females?

A

Males

63
Q

What impact does Fragile X Syndrome have?

A

Mild to severe cognitive impairments.

64
Q

What does Fragile X syndrome demonstrate?

A

Genes/DNA are not passed on faithfully.

65
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Presence if phenylketones in the urine.

66
Q

What is the effect of PKU?

A

Intellectual disability resulting from buildup in the brain.

67
Q

How do you lower the chance of getting PKU?

A

Reduce your consumption of foods containing phenylalanine.

68
Q

How do you study individual genes?

A

Transgenic and Knockout organisms

69
Q

Knockout (KO) mice

A

A gene has been selectively inactivated

70
Q

Transgenic mice

A

A gene has been introduced (transgene)

71
Q

What is the problem with KO and transgenic organism testing?

A

The alteration is ALWAYS present.

72
Q

Conditional Systems

A

The trans-gene or KO system is present in the DNA, but not active.

73
Q

What is required for the conditional systems to work?

A

The presence/absence of an antibiotic.

74
Q

Epigenetics

A

Studying the regulation of gene expression

75
Q

Methylation

A

Reduces gene expression of DNA that has been methylated (adding a methyl group).

76
Q

Lazy Eye

A

Born with one eye turned inward/outward
- not aligned properly

77
Q

What happens if the lazy eye is not treated by 7/8?

A

Will never develop good acute vision in that eye, even if the eyes are aligned later.

78
Q

Amblyopia

A

Eye is normal and retina is normal, but the person cannot see clearly through the eye.

79
Q

Sensitive period of Development

A

A time where a child is especially receptive to certain skills/knowledge areas.

80
Q

Binocular Deprivation

A

The loss of dendritic spines and synapses in the visual cortex (animals)

81
Q

What happens if binocular deprivation is not fixed?

A

Blindness

82
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

Won a Nobel Prize for understanding the effects of ocular deprivation and development of the visual cortex.

83
Q

What maps the visual field?

A

The visual cortex

84
Q

What eye do cortical cells respond to?

A

Both eyes

85
Q

Ocular Dominance

A

Degree to which a visual cortical cell responds to light in one eye vs the other

86
Q

What happens when one eye is closed for a long period of time?

A

The cortical cells that were once responding to the closed eye begin to only respond to the eye that is open (even if the closed eye is open again).

87
Q

When do many psychiatric disorders develop?

A

The end of adolescence.

88
Q

What does the hippocampal volume relate to?

A

Memory decline

89
Q

Alzheimers

A
  • Characterized by memory loss and followed by personality changes
90
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimers

91
Q

Amyloid Plaques

A

Extracellular accumulations of beta-amyloid.

  • Moves from the hippocampus, to the limbic system, and eventually frontal cortex.
92
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A

Tangles of protein tau inside the neurons

93
Q

What happens during the loss of basal forebrain nuclei?

A

ACh neurons decreases (where they are located)

94
Q

What do amyloid plaques lead to?

A

Tau tangles

95
Q

Alzheimers Hypothesis

A
  1. Amyloid precursor protein releases the beta-amyloid extracellularly is removed.
  2. Beta-amyloid forms clumps (plaques). Plaques accumulate on axons and dendrites = impaired function
  3. The plaques also accumulate inside the cell which form neurofibrillary tangles.
  4. Basal forebrain neurons cease the production of acetylcholine-> dementia

Apoptosis -> loss of basal forebrain produced acetylcholine -> dementia

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (11 decks)

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