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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 10: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Vision

A

The detection of light in an environment.

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2
Q

Light

A

Certain frequencies of electromagnetic waves.

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3
Q

Pinhole Camera

A

Image gets converted as it passes through an aperture

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4
Q

What serves a main importance in vision?

A

The shape of the eye

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5
Q

Myopia

A

Eye is too long so the image surrounding the retina is blurred.

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6
Q

How can myopia be resolved?

A

Glasses

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7
Q

What two sides are the retina divided into?

A
  1. temporal
  2. nasal
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8
Q

If the image hits the outer edge of the eye, it fields into the ___ side of the brain.

A

SAME

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9
Q

If the image hits the inner edge of the eye, it fields into the ___ side of the brain.

A

OPPOSITE

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10
Q

What side is the temporal retina on?

A

Left

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11
Q

What side is the nasal retina on?

A

Right

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12
Q

Are the things that the left and right eye see identical?

A

No

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13
Q

What is the one type of cell in the retina that produces AP?

A

Ganglion cells

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14
Q

Rods

A

-Work in dim light
- Black and white
(scotopic system)

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15
Q

Cones

A
  • Work in bright light
  • differentiate between wavelengths of light
  • Color
    -(photopic system)
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16
Q

What are the 5 types of cells in the retina?

A
  1. Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Amacrine cells
  4. Horizontal cells
  5. Ganglion cells
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17
Q

Retina

A

Large convergence of inputs outside the fovea (very little inside)

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18
Q

What does your visual system respond to?

A

Changes in light

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19
Q

Horizontal and Amacrine Cells

A

Very important for interactions with the retina

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20
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Inhibitory connections between interneurons create a sharper border contrast.

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21
Q

What is an example of horizontal and amacrine cells?

A

Lateral inhibition

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22
Q

How does photoreceptor transduce light into neural signals?

A

Rods

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23
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A
  1. Light hyper polarizes neurons, which reduces neurotransmitter release
  2. It breaks up retinal/rhodopsin, eventually leading to the closing of Na+ channels
  3. The cascade of effects increase the sensitivity of cells
  4. Information is integrated over time, leading to increased sensitivity but not as god temporal resolution.
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24
Q

How do we handle a huge range in light intensity?

A

Pupils constrict/dilate

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25
Q

Range Fractionation

A

Rods vs Cones

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26
Q

Adaption

A

Cells themselves can adapt to ambient light

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27
Q

Calcium ions

A

Cells that regulate intracellular levels, which alters neurons sensitivity

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28
Q

What is needed for transduction?

A

Availability of chemicals

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29
Q

What is sensitivity of the eye influenced by?

A

the ratio of rate of breakdown/recombination of retinal/rhodopsin.

30
Q

What do cones connect to?

A

Bipolar neurons

31
Q

How many types of bipolar cells are there?

A

2

32
Q

How do bipolar cells respond?

A

Oppositely when the cone hyper polarizes

33
Q

What receptor fields are used for bipolar cells?

A

On center and Off center

34
Q

What receptive field do ganglion and LGN cells have?

A

Concentric receptive fields

35
Q

On Surround pairs with

A

off center

36
Q

Off Surround pairs with

A

on center

37
Q

Parvocellular Cells

A

Small receptive fields, not responsive to different wavelengths.

38
Q

Magnocellular Cells

A

Large receptive fields, not responsive to different wavelengths.

39
Q

Ganglion cells can be labeled…

A

M or P
(magnocellular or parvocellular)

40
Q

What do cortical cells require to respond?

A

specific stimuli

41
Q

Simple Cortical Cells

A

Respond to edge or bar with particular width, location, and orientation.

42
Q

Complex Cortical Cells

A

Elongated receptive fields, not as tied to location.

43
Q

High frequencies require ___ receptive fields.

A

small

44
Q

What cells are an example of high frequency?

A

Cells in the fovea (detail and sharp contrasts)

45
Q

Low frequency cells

A

Cells in the periphery with larger receptive fields

46
Q

What are low frequency cells more involved in?

A

Gradual transitions and large uniform areas.

47
Q

Where does visual information initially come from?

A

V1 region - layer IV cells

48
Q

V2 Region

A

Responsible for illusory contours
(similar to V1 in processing)

49
Q

V4 Region

A

Receives input from V2 and responds to sinusoidal frequencies.
- Concentric and radial stimuli

50
Q

V5 Area

A

Perception of Motor

51
Q

Inferior Temporal (IT)

A

Complex forms

52
Q

What is the Inferior Temporal apart of?

A

Prefrontal cortex = responds to faces

53
Q

Layer IV

A

Receives LGN input (molecular input)

54
Q

How do all layers except layer IV receive input?

A

binocularly

55
Q

How is the V1 cortex organized?

A

Columns (same ocular dominance through each)

56
Q

How are the columns linked together?

A

ocular dominance slabs

57
Q

Columns within the same region respond…

A

In the same way

58
Q

What is color constructed by?

A

Your visual system

59
Q

Trichromatic Hypothesis (Helmholtz)

A

Photoreceptors would have specific, defined wavelengths
-they respond to 3 of them.

60
Q

What can photoreceptors not fully account for?

A

Color

61
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Opponent pairs of colors

Red vs Green
Blue vs Yellow
Black vs White

62
Q

How do you get better color discrimination?

A

When colors oppose each other

63
Q
A
64
Q

Why are these spectrally opposing cells so useful?

A

Cones show significant overlap (M and L cones have very close absorbance peaks)

65
Q

Region V4 is specifically important for…

A

Processing color

66
Q

What does processing color require?

A

Context (comparison with nearby colors)

67
Q

What type of vision is not widespread among mammals?

A

Trichromatic Vision (depends on the need of the animal)

68
Q

Dorsal stream processes…

A

Movement and location

69
Q

Ventral stream processes…

A

objects, faces, etc.

70
Q

Patient DF

A

Had CO2 poisoning and could not recognize objects/faces

71
Q

Patient DF had damage to…

A

Ventral stream, but not dorsal

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (15 decks)

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