Chapter 9: Foreign Relations & Securing Succession Flashcards
What was Henry’s first approach to foreign policy and when did it take place?
- Glory in war
- 1509 - 1514
What actions were carried out by Henry’s council?
- 1510 - renewed Treaty of Etaples for continued peace
What was Henry’s view on his councillors actions?
- He idolised Henry V and wanted glory in France
- Didn’t like they did it without him - really wanted war
What occurred that helped Henry with his war aims?
- 1510 - Creation of Holy League against France with Spain, HRE and Papacy
How did the first french war start?
- 1512 - first invasion
- Sent 10,000 men to Southwest France
- Led by Marquis of Dorset
How did this first invasion play out?
- Achieved nothing
- Ferdinand of Spain failed to support Henry
- Instead used him as a distraction to conquer Navare
How did the first french war progress?
- 1513 - second invasion
- Led to Battle of Spurs
- Led the army himself - captured Tournai and Therouanne
What was going off with Scotland?
- 1513 - First Scottish war
- Battle of Flodden
- Invaded by James IV
- Defeated by small English army , quickly put together, led by Earl of Surrey
- James and many Scottish nobles killed
- Only infant James V left but Henry did nothing to capitalise
What was the aftermath of this aggressive foreign policy?
- Spent all the money left by his father
- Discontent due to tax
- Lost the French pension
- Sold Tournai back - gained less than they paid to rebuild it after their siege
What did Wolsey do to salvage the situation?
- 1514
- Recovered the Etaples pension
- Secured the marriage of his sister Mary and the French king Louis XII
Who was the new king of France?
- Louis XII married Mary Oct 1514
- Died January 1515
- New Francis I
Who else was a new European leader?
- Charles V
- Son of Philip and Juana
- Spanish king, Holy Roman Emperor
- Catherine of Aragon’s nephew
Why did Henry need to change his foreign policy after 1515?
- Limited funds
- Focus on great matter
- New young leaders in Europe
What actions were taken to make Henry a great peacemaker?
- 1518 - Treaty of London - Peace treaty between England, France, Spain and HRE –> gave Tournai back to France
- 1520 - June - Field of Cloth of Gold between France and England - Francis beat Henry wrestling, cost £15,000
- 1521 - Aug - Treaty of Bruges with Charles V - could improve relations with pope, thought it would help him to gain french territory, marriage alliance with his daughter Mary
What actions were taken as an agressive nation?
-1522 + 3 - invaded France - gained little and Parliament was reluctant to grant any finances
- 1525 - Charles won battle of Pavia but wouldn’t have a joint invasion of France with Henry, instead Henry supported League of Cognac with France and pope to counter Charles’ influence in Italy
How was Henry less aggressive later?
- 1527 - Treaty of Amiens - anti imperial alliance with French
- 1529 - Peace of Cambrai - Charles had won against French and dominated Pope –> Henry couldn’t solve marital issues, French forced to give up in Italy
- Blamed Wolsey contributing to his fall
How did Henry try to pressure Charles?
1532
- Made an alliance with France –> tried to force Charles to let him have a divorce
- Failed
How was Henry more then less isolated?
- 1534 - break with Rome - isolated
- 1536 - Death of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn allowed the possibility of alliance with Charles
- Charles and France at war so more bothered about each other
How is Henry further isolated?
1538
- Treaty of Nice for Charles and Francis
- Pope issued a bull to excommunicate Henry
- Pope sent people to France and Scotland to gain support for a Catholic crusade against Henry
What did Henry do in 1539 and how did that relate to foreign policy?
- Married Anne of Cleves
- Alliance with League of Schmalkalden - Protestant German Princess
How was Ireland a problem?
- Only controlled the Pale around Dublin
- Earl of Kildare - Served England but also very powerful Gaelic chief
- Relationship with king broke down
What did Henry do in Ireland?
- 1534
- Dismissed Kildare
- Major rebellion led by his son –> suppressed with difficulty and costly
How did he try to solve the problems?
- Tried to remake the Irish parliament
- Put it more under English power
- Needed a deputy and military presence - too expensive
What other problems happened?
- O’Neill & O’Donnell invaded the Pale
How were these solved?
- Made Ireland a separate kingdom 1541 - had counties and used English law
- Gaelic lords got titles
What were consequences in Ireland?
- There was minimal funds to carry this out
- Religious differences later caused strain
What was the foreign policy aim in Scotland?
- national security
What happened in Scotland?
- 1540 - 27 rebels crossed the border
- 1541 - meant to meet James in York to negotiate but he didn’t show up
- 1542 - invaded - defeated them at Solway Moss - James V killed - MQS baby left
- 1543 - Treaty of Greenwich - arranged marriage of Edward and MQS - wasn’t ratified by Scottish government –> rough wooing
What was the foreign policy aim in France?
- Glory in war
What happened in France?
- 1544 - Alliance with Charles - invaded France together, captured Boulogne - Charles made his own peace with France (Crepy)
- 1545 - Francis sent troops to help Henry in Scotland, others sent to Isle of Wight, Mary Rose sank
- 1546 - Peace agreed again - neither could afford to continue, Peace of Ardres - will sell back Boulogne in 8 yrs
What was the impact of these campaigns on Henry?
- Forced to sell crown land
- Sold monastic land
- Debased the coinage
Who were all of Henry’s children?
- Henry Fitzroy
- Mary 1516 - Catherine of Aragon
- Elizabeth 1533 - Anne Boleyn
- Edward 1537 - Jane Seymour
What were the three succession acts?
- 1534 - Elizabeth is heir and Mary is illegitimate
- 1536 - Elizabeth illegitimate, can declare heir by will - could be Henry Fitzroy
- 1544 - re legitimise Mary and Elizabeth - still can declare by will
What was the actual order of succession?
- Edward
- Mary
- Elizabeth
What did the order of succession show about Henry?
- Mary was second in line
- Henry never really cared about protestant reform
- Allows a catholic to be queen
