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History - Tudors > Chapter 9: Foreign Relations & Securing Succession > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Foreign Relations & Securing Succession Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Henry’s first approach to foreign policy and when did it take place?

A
  • Glory in war
  • 1509 - 1514
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2
Q

What actions were carried out by Henry’s council?

A
  • 1510 - renewed Treaty of Etaples for continued peace
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3
Q

What was Henry’s view on his councillors actions?

A
  • He idolised Henry V and wanted glory in France
  • Didn’t like they did it without him - really wanted war
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4
Q

What occurred that helped Henry with his war aims?

A
  • 1510 - Creation of Holy League against France with Spain, HRE and Papacy
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5
Q

How did the first french war start?

A
  • 1512 - first invasion
  • Sent 10,000 men to Southwest France
  • Led by Marquis of Dorset
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6
Q

How did this first invasion play out?

A
  • Achieved nothing
  • Ferdinand of Spain failed to support Henry
  • Instead used him as a distraction to conquer Navare
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7
Q

How did the first french war progress?

A
  • 1513 - second invasion
  • Led to Battle of Spurs
  • Led the army himself - captured Tournai and Therouanne
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8
Q

What was going off with Scotland?

A
  • 1513 - First Scottish war
  • Battle of Flodden
  • Invaded by James IV
  • Defeated by small English army , quickly put together, led by Earl of Surrey
  • James and many Scottish nobles killed
  • Only infant James V left but Henry did nothing to capitalise
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9
Q

What was the aftermath of this aggressive foreign policy?

A
  • Spent all the money left by his father
  • Discontent due to tax
  • Lost the French pension
  • Sold Tournai back - gained less than they paid to rebuild it after their siege
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10
Q

What did Wolsey do to salvage the situation?

A
  • 1514
  • Recovered the Etaples pension
  • Secured the marriage of his sister Mary and the French king Louis XII
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11
Q

Who was the new king of France?

A
  • Louis XII married Mary Oct 1514
  • Died January 1515
  • New Francis I
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12
Q

Who else was a new European leader?

A
  • Charles V
  • Son of Philip and Juana
  • Spanish king, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Catherine of Aragon’s nephew
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13
Q

Why did Henry need to change his foreign policy after 1515?

A
  • Limited funds
  • Focus on great matter
  • New young leaders in Europe
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14
Q

What actions were taken to make Henry a great peacemaker?

A
  • 1518 - Treaty of London - Peace treaty between England, France, Spain and HRE –> gave Tournai back to France
  • 1520 - June - Field of Cloth of Gold between France and England - Francis beat Henry wrestling, cost £15,000
  • 1521 - Aug - Treaty of Bruges with Charles V - could improve relations with pope, thought it would help him to gain french territory, marriage alliance with his daughter Mary
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15
Q

What actions were taken as an agressive nation?

A

-1522 + 3 - invaded France - gained little and Parliament was reluctant to grant any finances
- 1525 - Charles won battle of Pavia but wouldn’t have a joint invasion of France with Henry, instead Henry supported League of Cognac with France and pope to counter Charles’ influence in Italy

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16
Q

How was Henry less aggressive later?

A
  • 1527 - Treaty of Amiens - anti imperial alliance with French
  • 1529 - Peace of Cambrai - Charles had won against French and dominated Pope –> Henry couldn’t solve marital issues, French forced to give up in Italy
  • Blamed Wolsey contributing to his fall
17
Q

How did Henry try to pressure Charles?

A

1532
- Made an alliance with France –> tried to force Charles to let him have a divorce
- Failed

18
Q

How was Henry more then less isolated?

A
  • 1534 - break with Rome - isolated
  • 1536 - Death of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn allowed the possibility of alliance with Charles
  • Charles and France at war so more bothered about each other
19
Q

How is Henry further isolated?

A

1538
- Treaty of Nice for Charles and Francis
- Pope issued a bull to excommunicate Henry
- Pope sent people to France and Scotland to gain support for a Catholic crusade against Henry

20
Q

What did Henry do in 1539 and how did that relate to foreign policy?

A
  • Married Anne of Cleves
  • Alliance with League of Schmalkalden - Protestant German Princess
21
Q

How was Ireland a problem?

A
  • Only controlled the Pale around Dublin
  • Earl of Kildare - Served England but also very powerful Gaelic chief
  • Relationship with king broke down
22
Q

What did Henry do in Ireland?

A
  • 1534
  • Dismissed Kildare
  • Major rebellion led by his son –> suppressed with difficulty and costly
23
Q

How did he try to solve the problems?

A
  • Tried to remake the Irish parliament
  • Put it more under English power
  • Needed a deputy and military presence - too expensive
24
Q

What other problems happened?

A
  • O’Neill & O’Donnell invaded the Pale
25
Q

How were these solved?

A
  • Made Ireland a separate kingdom 1541 - had counties and used English law
  • Gaelic lords got titles
26
Q

What were consequences in Ireland?

A
  • There was minimal funds to carry this out
  • Religious differences later caused strain
27
Q

What was the foreign policy aim in Scotland?

A
  • national security
28
Q

What happened in Scotland?

A
  • 1540 - 27 rebels crossed the border
  • 1541 - meant to meet James in York to negotiate but he didn’t show up
  • 1542 - invaded - defeated them at Solway Moss - James V killed - MQS baby left
  • 1543 - Treaty of Greenwich - arranged marriage of Edward and MQS - wasn’t ratified by Scottish government –> rough wooing
29
Q

What was the foreign policy aim in France?

A
  • Glory in war
30
Q

What happened in France?

A
  • 1544 - Alliance with Charles - invaded France together, captured Boulogne - Charles made his own peace with France (Crepy)
  • 1545 - Francis sent troops to help Henry in Scotland, others sent to Isle of Wight, Mary Rose sank
  • 1546 - Peace agreed again - neither could afford to continue, Peace of Ardres - will sell back Boulogne in 8 yrs
31
Q

What was the impact of these campaigns on Henry?

A
  • Forced to sell crown land
  • Sold monastic land
  • Debased the coinage
32
Q

Who were all of Henry’s children?

A
  • Henry Fitzroy
  • Mary 1516 - Catherine of Aragon
  • Elizabeth 1533 - Anne Boleyn
  • Edward 1537 - Jane Seymour
33
Q

What were the three succession acts?

A
  • 1534 - Elizabeth is heir and Mary is illegitimate
  • 1536 - Elizabeth illegitimate, can declare heir by will - could be Henry Fitzroy
  • 1544 - re legitimise Mary and Elizabeth - still can declare by will
34
Q

What was the actual order of succession?

A
  • Edward
  • Mary
  • Elizabeth
35
Q

What did the order of succession show about Henry?

A
  • Mary was second in line
  • Henry never really cared about protestant reform
  • Allows a catholic to be queen

History - Tudors (13 decks)

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