Chapter 10: English Society in the Reign of Henry VIII Flashcards
1
Q
What happened to the number of nobles?
A
- Increased
- 9 new by end
2
Q
How could becoming a noble be achieved at this time? - give examples
A
- Family ties - Edward Seymour = Earl of Hertford
3
Q
What was up with Dukes?
A
- Only one at start of reign - Buckingham - disliked
- Norfolk and Suffolk promoted to dukes
- Norfolk got position his father had had
- Suffolk moved up due to friendship with king
4
Q
How were these nobles used?
A
- Given property to help extend authority of monarch
- Suffolk given land in Lincolnshire to after Pilgrimage of Grace
- John, Baron Russel given land in Devon to extend authority after execution of the Marquess of Exeter
- Used to raise armies - Earl of Shrewsbury raised 4000+ men for war with France 1513
5
Q
How did Henry make examples to prevent things like Bastard feudalism?
A
- Thomas Fiennes, Baron Dacre of the South
- Tried and convicted of the murder of a neighbour’s servant
- Hung like a common criminal
6
Q
What other nobles fell to tightened treason restrictions?
A
- Duke of Buckingham - vague charges - 1521
- Relatives to king - Henry Pole Baron Montague, Henry Courtenay Marquess of Exeter - conspiracy - 1538
- Lord Darcey and Hussey executed for roles in uprising 1536
7
Q
What are some statistics of the gentry?
A
- 1540 - 5000 ish gentry families
- 1524 - 200 knightly families
8
Q
How were the gentry used?
A
- Used as JPs - number increased
- Pulled them into unpaid administrative roles - inc loyalty as they wanted to gain royal favour - reduced reliance in nobility
9
Q
How did education tendencies change for the gentry?
A
- Families favoured a legal education as this was more in need at court - moving away from clergy especially and nobility
10
Q
How did lives for the commoners change?
A
- Little change in first half of reign
- Then increased inflation, drop in real income
- Small outbreaks of disorder
- Impacted by dissolution of monasteries - less education and healthcare available
11
Q
What was Wales like before?
A
- Separate territory
- In practice under English control
- Had no unified administration or proper political link to England
- Made of border lordships and the Principality of Wales
12
Q
What changed for Wales?
A
- 1536 Wales Act
- Divided into counties with MPs - direct representation in government
- Gave them the same legal structure as England
- More emphasis on English - government and politics in English - Welsh declined - limited to lower classes
13
Q
What happened to the Anglo-Welsh border?
A
- Bordering counties became the council of Wales
- Nobles and gentry helped in its control - e.g. Pembroke
14
Q
What were the Palatines?
A
- Lancashire, Cheshire, Durham
- Were separate from the crown
- Durham was most separate - jurisdiction came from the bishop
15
Q
How was control changed in the Palatines?
A
- 1536 Act resuming liberties to the crown
- Lancashire and Cheshire cam back under royal rule
- Bishop’s power decreased but still remained - e.g. Palatine court of chancery remained
16
Q
Why was the north a problem?
A
- In Yorkist heartland, geographically far away
- Posed threats at times e.g. Pilgrimage of Grace
17
Q
What was done to change this northern threat?
A
- Re-established the Council of the North
- Was a permanent body, based in York, professional staff
- Administrative and legal functions
- Proved itself by keeping the North quiet in rebellions of 1549
18
Q
Why was the Anglo-Scottish border hard to control?
A
- Was remote
- Frequent border raids and smuggling operations
- Cattle and sheep rustling
19
Q
How did Henry try to control the Scottish border?
A
- Split the border into 3 sections each with a warden
- Didn’t want to put in nobles as wardens as they could easily exploit their title and gain too much power
- Used gentry instead (e.g. Thomas Lord Wharton 1542)
- People who lived on the border were more loyal to the nobility so this didn’t work
20
Q
What were social impacts of religious change? (4 things)
A
- Land taken from church and given to crown - then sold for war which increased the land of the gentry - 2/3 monastic land gone by 1547
- Lost monastic schools - lower classes lost access to education
- Employment from monasteries lost and business opportunities
- Monks and nuns became unemployed - some monks became secular priests
- Traditional catholic practices were attacked
- Power of king changed - gained land but also excommunicated
21
Q
What was the first uprising of Henry VIII’s reign?
A
- 1525
- Resistance to taxation of Amicable Grant
- A tax to raise money for a French war
22
Q
What happened in this first uprising?
A
- Widespread unrest about taxation
- Especially in - Essex 1000 at border, Norfolk & Suffolk 4000 refusers
- Unemployed cloth workers couldn’t afford it
23
Q
How was this first rebellion dealt with?
A
- Dukes behaved sensitively
- Wolsey publicly begged to pardon them
- Treated leaders leniently
- This limited Henry’s war prospects
24
Q
What were causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
A
- Dissolution of monasteries
- Taxation
- Suffolk had been imposed in Lincolnshire
- Councillors wanted to reinstate Mary as heir - Aragonese
25
Q
What were vents in the Lincolnshire rising?
A
- 1536
- 2 Oct - starts
- 4 Oct - spreads, murder of the chancellor of the diocese of Lincoln
- 7 Oct - Rebels converge at Lincoln Cathedral
26
Q
What happened in the pilgrimage of grace?
A
- 1536
- 8 Oct - begins properly with leader Robert Aske - East Riding of Yorkshire
- 10 Oct - Spreads to West Riding
- 20 Oct - Rebels gain Pontefract castle
- 25 Oct - spreads to Pennines and Lake District
- 26 Oct - rebels meet Norfolk at Doncaster
- Nov - rebels disperse
- 3 Dec - royal declaration offers pardons to rebels
27
Q
When was the revival?
A
- 1537
- 16 Jan - Renewed rebellion in East Riding Yorkshire - led by Sir Francis Bigod
28
Q
How was the rebellion initially dealt with?
A
- Army led by Duke of Norfolk sent
- Met the rebels at Doncaster
- Heavily outnumbered
- Negotiated instead - promised pardons, restoring dissolved monasteries –> had no intentions of following through - convinced the rebels - dispersed
29
Q
How was the revival dealt with?
A
- Gave Henry an excuse to go back on his earlier promises
- Norfolk sent again - suppressed it quickly - declared martial law - hung 74 rebels
- Merciful after that - executed the leaders - (Darcey and Hussey - nobles)
- Pilgrimage did not succeed at slowing religious change
