Chapter 12: Religion, Ideas and Reform Flashcards
How was there corruption in the catholic church?
- Pluralism
- Simony
- Non-residence
- Used by the crown
- Criticised for not doing their job properly and just being in it for the money
How did anticlericalism impact the church?
- Cromwell boosted it in Parliament
- It opposed political importance of the clergy
What was the impact of the decline of monasticism?
- Seen with suspicion due to land and money
- Some ran more like businesses
- Started to be dissolved by Wolsey in 1520s
- Seen as outdated and lost direction
How did Henry himself attack the church?
- Persecuted those who opposed change
- Supported reformers
- 1529+ encouraged criticism of Pope and clergy
- Used propaganda to promote reformation
How did Anne Boleyn and Catherine Parr impact the church?
- Anne –> encouraged the appointment of reformers to powerful positions, supported bible in English
- Helped Cranmer become Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532
- Catherine –> gathered reform scholars at court, managed the protestant education of Edward and Elizabeth
How was Protestantism growing in Europe?
- Luther’s reforms gained influence in government
- Preachers (e.g. Robert Barnes) spread protestant ideas in London
- Protestantism helped by marriage of Henry and Jane
Act of Supremacy
- 1534
- Henry became the Supreme head of the church
Act of 10 Articles
- 1536
- Only 3 sacraments needed (baptism, penance, eucharist)
- Yes to confession
- No to praying to saints for forgiveness
- Yes to praying to saints for other things
Dissolution of the monasteries
- 1536 - 40
- Smaller monasteries first
- By 1540 - all gone
Bishop’s Book
- 1537
- Committee of bishops led by Cranmer
- Restored the other 4 sacraments
- They had a lower status
Injunctions
- 1538
- Each Parish church must have a bible in English
- Pilgrimages and veneration of saints condemned
Act of 6 Articles
- 1539
- Confirmed transubstantiation, private masses, confession
- Banned marriage of priests
- Punished those who went against the act e.g. denying transubstantiation = burning with no appeal
King’s Book
- 1543
- Written by Henry himself
- Defended transubstantiation and 6 articles
- Encouraged preaching
- Criticised use of images
Act for the Advancement of True Religion
- 1543
- Restricted bible reading to upper class males
English ‘litany’ introduced
- 1544
- Replaced the Latin one
- Weren’t forced to use it
How did Thomas More oppose reform?
- Was overheard saying he didn’t accept Henry as head of the church
- Used passive resistance to oppose
- Was imprisoned and executed for treason
What were the Aragonese faction and what did they do?
- People who supported Catherine of Aragon
- Wanted Mary to be the heir
- Supported the pilgrimage of grace
- Were silenced by Cromwell and Anne Boleyn
Who was Elizabeth Barton and what did she do?
- Nun of Kent
- Had a vision that the king would die if he got his divorce
- Sent letters to try to make a resistance movement
- Arrested September 1533 - confessed her visions were fake - executed
What was monastic resistance?
- Preached against divorce and supremacy
- London monks of Carthusian wouldn’t accept the divorce –> 1534 resisted government to agree against the authority of the pope
- After treason act - forced to submit - opposers arrested and 18 executed
What did the Bishop of Rochester do?
- John Fisher
- Believed Henry’s actions against Catherine were wrong - told Henry
- Refused to accept the divorce
- Imprisoned, accused of treason, executed
How did education change?
- John Colet founded St Paul’s school –> humanist head, curriculum and principles, used works by Erasmus
- St Paul’s and Magdalen at Oxford - educational reform
- Wolsey funded a college in Ipswich - hometown
How did Henry help promote renaissance influences in writing?
- Needed well educated diplomats
- Saw himself as a promoter of new ideas
Why else did renaissance influence writing?
- Increase in classical learning by elites
- Increased number of schools influenced by humansim
Examples of humanist writers (3)`
- Thomas More
- Thomas Lupset
- Thomas Starkey
How was sculpture influenced by the renaissance?
- Henry commissioned the tomb of his parents and grandmother from an Italian artist
- Gothic did remain the main culture form
How was painting influenced?
- Northern renaissance painters - Hans Holbein, Lucan Horenbout
- Less change than it seems - northern - less ‘true renaissance’
How did architecture change?
- Continued gothic taste by Henry - lack of change
- Renaissance style shown by Hampton Court
What influenced music?
- Wolsey and Henry were patrons of music
- Henry - amateur composer
Why were things mostly influenced by the northern renaissance?
- Mirrored the close commercial ties of England and the low countries
