Chapter 6: Religion, Humanism, Arts & Learning Flashcards
1
Q
What are the seven sacraments?
A
- Baptism
- Confirmation
- Marriage
- Anointing the sick
- Penance
- Holy orders
- Eucharist
2
Q
What role did religion have?
A
- Maintained social control
- Important political role - Morton and Fox - often administrative
- Care for spiritual needs of the population
- Gave employment and social advancement opportunities
3
Q
What are core beliefs of Catholicism?
A
- Church helps to achieve grace and avoid purgatory
- Must complete as many of the 7 sacraments as you can
- Mass for the eucharist - transubstantiation
- Mass is a sacrifice by the priest for the community and a sacred ritual
4
Q
What social role did the church play? (what things could people do)
A
- Donate to rebuild buildings or for church objects
- Leave money in wills to reduce purgatory time
- Leave money in chantries - chapels for souls of the dead
- Join guilds and confraternities - collectively provide for funerals, masses, donations, socialising
5
Q
What were pilgrimage options?
A
- Journey to a place of religious devotion
- Could go to saint tomb (Thomas Becket Canterbury), shrine (Walsingham Norfolk)
- Simpler pilgrimages of ‘beating the bounds’ on a Sunday around parish borders with banners to ward off evil spirits
6
Q
What were monastic orders?
A
- 1% of adult males were monks in 1500
- 900 monasteries
- Benedictine - large houses, ran cathedrals, wealthier members
- Cistercian & Carthusian - rural and remote
7
Q
What were nunneries like?
A
- Less prestige
- Women in nunneries seen as having been unfit for marriage
8
Q
Who were friars?
A
- Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians
- Supported by charitable donation
- From lower classes
- Less important by late 1400s
9
Q
Why was the church criticised?
A
- Simony - £300 for Archdeacon of Buckingham
- Priests had mistresses
- Priests having multiple parishes and incomes but being absent from some
10
Q
Who were Lollards?
A
- Taught by John Wycliffe
- Importance of understanding bible –> wanted it in English
- Didn’t believe in transubstantiation or eucharist
- Saw the corruption
11
Q
What was anticlericalism?
A
- Thought the Church had its place and didn’t want it in politics
12
Q
How common was anticlericalism and heresy?
A
- Very rare
13
Q
What were the principles of humanism?
A
- Renaissance development
- Wanted to go back to original Latin and Greek texts
- Wanted to open up education and remove the monopoly church and religion had on it
14
Q
What effect did humanism have and why?
A
- Limited effect
- Only impacted the educated - minority
- Those who were educated were happy with the way tings were run as it benefited them as the elite
15
Q
Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
A
- Dutch scholar
- Came to England in 1499
- Criticised the church, wanted Christianity via education
16
Q
Describe 4 other humanist scholars?
A
- William Grocyn –> found humanism in Florence, lectured at Oxford
- Thomas Linacre –> Also found in Florence, followed scientific thinking in medicine at Padua
- John Colet –> Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral, saw a way of church reform from inside
- Thomas Moore –> Lawyer, scholar, friend of Erasmus, boosted humanism
17
Q
How did the education system change in this time?
A
- Elementary education came primarily from song and reading schools
- Secondary - grammar schools (53 new 1460-1509) –> lots for the rich but depended on area for others
- Universities - mainly Oxbridge, Cambridge had many new colleges especially due to Margaret Beaufort
18
Q
How did printing impact education and humanism?
A
- Printing in England - William Caxton - 1476
- Increased literacy and available texts
- Allowed humanist works to spread - still only in educated
- Most only wanted fiction - King Arthur, Chaucer’s Canterbury tales
19
Q
How was Drama shown in this time?
A
- Church ale festivals
- Mystery plays at Corpus Christi by guilds - Bishops Stratford Hertfordshire 1490
- Celebration and religious message combined
20
Q
What was architecture like?
A
- Building and rebuilding of parish churches
- Gothic style
- High investment
- St Mary Redcliffe Bristol
- Lady Chapel Westminster 1502
21
Q
How was music shown?
A
- Bagpipes and wind groups at saints’ days
- Choral pieces in cathedrals
- Eton choir books 1503
- Music at court for nobles
- New polyphonic choral music
22
Q
What was literature like?
A
- Printed fictions e.g. adaptations of saint’s lives
- 1509 - humanist influence from Italy became more fashionable
