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History - Tudors > Chapter 8: Henry VIII Government and Parliament > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Henry VIII Government and Parliament Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Henry use Parliament before 1529 and why?

A
  • Less frequently
  • Used for taxes for wars
  • Relied more on Wolsey
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2
Q

How was Parliament used after 1529 and why?

A
  • Used more and for longer periods
  • Dealing with divorce and break from Rome
  • Moved back to conciliar rule for a bit
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3
Q

When is conciliar government used at the start of his reign?

A
  • 1509 - 1514
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4
Q

When is Wolsey in power?

A
  • 1514 - 1529
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5
Q

Who was Wolsey?

A
  • Commoner but very clever
  • Had great finance and administration skills
  • Part of the clergy - cardinal
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6
Q

Why was Wolsey favoured by Henry?

A
  • Skills
  • Loyal as Henry had ‘made him’
  • Moving away from nobles who saw themselves more like equals to the king
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7
Q

Why did the nobility dislike Wolsey?

A
  • He was a commoner but was cleverer and had more influence to the king than he did
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8
Q

What titles did Wolsey have and when was he given them?

A
  • Royal Chaplain to Henry VII - 1507
  • Archbishop of York - 1514
  • Cardinal - 1515
  • Papal Legate - 1518
  • Lord Chancellor - 1515
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9
Q

How did Wolsey influence religion?

A
  • Was guilty of absenteeism and pluralism
  • Shut down 24 monasteries with poor standards
  • Merging monasteries to improve efficiency
  • Removed outlets for healthcare and education for the poor through this
  • Burnt Lutheran texts, arrested and punished protestants
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10
Q

How did Wolsey make legal reforms?

A
  • Court of Chancery - more equal, fairer - became overburdened
  • Star Chamber (from H7) - strengthened to encourage commoners to speak out against abuse of power - 120 cases heard per year compared to 12 under H7
  • Court of requests - heard cases from the poor - low cost and swift decisions
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11
Q

How was finance changed by Wolsey?

A
  • 1522 national tax survey brought in £200,000 - first since 1086
  • 1526 recoinage - stimulated exports as currency was cheaper –> contributed to inflation and riots
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12
Q

How was enclosure dealt with by Wolsey?

A
  • Enquiries into enclosure 1517 + 1518 –> made legal action against landlords for enclosing without permission
  • Landowners opposed these in Parliament 1523
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13
Q

How did Wolsey change the Privy Council?

A
  • Was full of Henry’s minions - distrusted Wolsey
  • 1519 - Wolsey removed them and replaced them with his supporters - most managed to regain their positions
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14
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances?

A
  • 1526
  • Anyone seen as wasting King’s funds was removed from government
  • Was posted as a finance policy
  • Used as a way of Wolsey to remove people who opposed him –> included groom of the stool
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15
Q

What is a subsidy?

A
  • Grant issued by parliament
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16
Q

What was the amicable grant?

A
  • A gift freely given to the king
  • 1523 used as a way to raise money for war
  • Became just a really heavy tax without approval from parliament
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17
Q

What was the King’s Great Matter?

A
  • Needed a male heir
  • Catherine past having children
  • Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn - refused to be his mistress
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18
Q

What did Henry want from Wolsey?

A
  • Him to get him an annulment from the pope
  • 1525
19
Q

How did Henry try to use the Bible to get an annulment?

A
  • Book of Leviticus forbade marrying your brother’s wife
  • His marriage shouldn’t of happened
20
Q

What does Wolsey do as the Pope’s representative?

A
  • 1527
  • Calls a special court to try Henry for living in sin with his wife
21
Q

Why does this court fail?

A
  • Catherine appeals to the pope
  • Pope won’t cooperate as he is being held prisoner by Charles V - Catherine’s nephew
22
Q

How did the these dealings end?

A
  • 2 years of diplomacy as the pope procrastinated
  • 1529 - Cardinal Campeggio sent to help Wolsey with the case
  • Hearing ran June - July - annulment not given
23
Q

What happened to Wolsey?

A
  • 1529 - Charged with Praemunire - papal interference against the crown
  • Surrendered possessions to king
  • 1530 - arrested to be executed but died before execution
24
Q

How did Wolsey contribute to his own demise?

A
  • Failed to get the annulment
  • Unpopular due to amicable grant, Eltham ordinances, absenteeism and pluralism
  • Felt untouchable from money and power
25
Q

How did the nobles help the fall of Wolsey?

A
  • Anne Boleyn was the niece for Norfolk - wanted this marriage so worked against Wolsey
  • Hated him due to Amicable grant and Eltham Ordinances
26
Q

How did Anne Boleyn influence Wolsey’s end?

A
  • Refused to be a mistress forcing Henry to get a divorce to marry her
  • Manipulated Henry to blame Wolsey
27
Q

What is Wolsey sometimes seen as - is this true?

A
  • Alternate King
  • Often made decisions as Henry didn’t want to but Henry always got the credit
  • Had to do what Henry wanted or what he thought he would like - Henry’s will just Wolsey who made it happen
  • Ultimately Henry removed him and always could overpower him
28
Q

What happened after the fall of cromwell?

A
  • Moved back to conciliar government
  • More became the new Lord Chancellor
29
Q

What were More’s beliefs?

A
  • Humanist scholar
  • Very principled
  • Critical of enclosure
  • Against radical church reform
30
Q

Why did More fall?

A
  • Wouldn’t support Henry’s divorce and remarriage
  • It went against his catholic beliefs - resigned
  • Act of Supremacy - More refused to accept –> treason
  • Doesn’t recognise Anne Boleyn as Queen –> treason
31
Q

What were events 1531-5 in government?

A

1531 - Cromwell became chief minister
1532 - formal submission of the clergy
Warham died and Cranmer became Archbishop of Canterbury
1533 - Marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared invalid, married Anne Boleyn secretly - she’s pregnant
1534 - reformation parliament - lasted 7 yrs
1535 - Ordinances checking the monasteries

32
Q

Act in restraint of appeals

A

April 1543
- Cannot appeal to the pope
- Catherine of Aragon couldn’t appeal to Pope against annulment

33
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

Nov 1543
- Henry was declared the head of the church of England
- Pope’s authority lost in England

34
Q

Treason Act

A

Nov 1543
- Treason just to say things like that the king is a heretic
- Used to get rid of opposition

35
Q

Act annexing first fruits and tenths

A

1534
- Annates held by the pope given over to Henry
- Increased Crown finance

36
Q

What were domestic policies under Cromwell?

A
  • Decreased size of Privy Council to 20 people each with specific jobs - were more professional - lawyers, bureaucrats etc
  • New specialist financial institutions were made
37
Q

Why did Anne Boleyn fall?

A
  • Had been supportive of reform
  • Only gave Henry a daughter
  • Made more vulnerable by the death of Catherine of Aragon Jan 1536
  • Accused of adultery and incest
  • Executed 19 May 1536
38
Q

Describe the marriage to Jane Seymour?

A
  • Lady in Waiting to both previous queens
  • Married 30 May 1536
  • Birthed prince Edward 12 Sep 1537
  • Died from complications from childbirth 24 Oct 1537
39
Q

What happened with Anne of Cleves?

A
  • Marriage arranged by Cromwell
  • Wanted to make ties with the league of Schmalkalden - german princes
  • Protestant
  • Quickly divorces - didn’t match at all
40
Q

Why did Cromwell fall?

A
  • Destroyed credibility by quick divorce to Anne of Cleves
  • Convicted of heresy and treason
  • Executed 28 July 1540
41
Q

What happened to Catherine Howard?

A
  • Norfolk’s niece
  • Married same day as Cromwell’s execution
  • Was accused of adultery after she had an affair with Thomas Culpepper
  • Executed 13 Feb 1542
42
Q

Who did he marry next?

A
  • Protestant Katherine Parr
43
Q

What happened to Norfolk?

A
  • Politically wounded by execution of niece
  • Parr = protestant so threatened catholic power
  • Edward Seymour won as most influential by being uncle to the heir
  • His son was too ambitious and got them convicted of treason
  • Son executed but Norfolk not as Henry died first
  • To not start reign with death, Norfolk was imprisoned for all of Edward’s rule

History - Tudors (13 decks)

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