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Biology 1406 > Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

The complete break down of glucose makes ….

A

CO2, H2O, and ATP

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2
Q

In oxidation O2…..

A

Acceptor of electrons

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3
Q

Primary aim of cellular respiration?

A

Make ATP and NADH

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4
Q

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions released stored energy in molecules
Released energy is ultimate used to synthesize ATP

A

Redox reactions: oxidation and reduction

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5
Q

The removal or loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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6
Q

Addition or gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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7
Q

The molecule that picks up the electron ______ energy.

A

Gains

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8
Q

When hydrogen is lost it becomes ____________

What gains hydrogen becomes ____________

A

Oxidized, reduced

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9
Q

NAD+ and FAD each carry…..

A

Two electrons and two hydrogen atoms

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10
Q

NAD+ and FAD carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial matrix to the…

A

Cristae of the mitochondria

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11
Q

Two coenzymes of oxidation and reduction that are active during cellular respiration

A

NAD+, NADH

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12
Q

ATP is generated by _____________ of ADP

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q

What are the three different ways ATP Is generated in the cell?

A
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • photophosphorylation

Top two are used in CR in anaimals
All three are used in CR In plants

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14
Q

Generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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15
Q

A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

ATP former through a series of sunlight-driven reactions in phototrophs

A

Photophosphorylation

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17
Q

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by ________ to form ______

A

Hydrolysis. ADP

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18
Q

What happens when the terminal phosphate bond is broken?

A

Energy is released

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19
Q

When electrons are transferred in oxidation and reduction, a hydrogen ions transferee as well (true or false?)

A

True

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20
Q

The most common electron carrier?

A

NAD +

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21
Q

The two ways ATP is formed from ADP are __________ _________ phosphorylation and _____________

A

Substrate-level, Oxidative

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22
Q

How many ATP are made in eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic?

A

30, 32

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23
Q

Phases of complete glucose breakdown in aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport system and chemiosmosis
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24
Q

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of what?

A

Pyruvate

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25
Q

Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough energy to make __________

26
Q

Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen? True or false?

27
Q

Two phases of glycolysis

A

Energy investment phase, energy pay off phase

28
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Energy from 2 ATP is used to activate glucose

Glucose is split into two 3-carbon G3P molecules

29
Q

Glycolysis energy payoff phase

A
  • oxidation of G3P by removal of hydrogens
  • hydrogens are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH
  • oxidation of G3P and further substrates yields enough energy to produce 4 ATP by direct substrate phosphorylation
30
Q

Pyruvate gets taken to the __________ to complete cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

31
Q

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to __________ which links the cycle to glycolysis

A

acetyl CoA

32
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

I’m the the mitochondria

33
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and __________ is removed

Hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvate and picked up to form _______

34
Q

In glycolysis ATP is made by ……

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

35
Q

C2 acetyl group from prep reaction combines with a C___ molecule to produce C___ citrate

36
Q

In the citric acid cycle the cycle oxidizes organic fuel drives from pyruvate, generating ____ ATP, _____ NADH, and ___ FADH per turn

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Total of 2, 6, and 2 for both pyruvates

37
Q

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with ___________, forming citrate

The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to ___________, making the process a cycle

A

Oxaloacetate

38
Q

The _______ and ________ produced in the citric acid cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

A

NADH, FADH2

39
Q

What are the inputs and outputs Of the citric acid cycle?

A

Inputs- 2 acetyl groups, 6NAD+, 2FAD, 2 ADP + 2 P

Outputs- 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP

40
Q

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, _____ and _____ account for most of the energy extracted from food

A

NADH,FADH2

41
Q

Where does the Electron transport chain take place?

A

The mitochondrial membrane in the cristae of the mitochondrion

Proton pumps are in the inner membrane

42
Q

Most of the electron transport chain’s components are proteins, that exist in __________

A

Multiprotein complexes

43
Q

The carries in the ETC alternate ___________ and __________ states as they accept and donate electrons

A

Reduced, oxidized

44
Q

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to _____, to from _______

45
Q

The H+ gradient is referred to as _____________, emphasizing its capacity to do work

A

Proton-motive force

46
Q

ATP synthase uses the exergoinc flow of H+ to drive ……

A

Phosphorylation of ATP

47
Q

How many ATP are made total by substrate phosphorylation? By oxidative phosphorylation?

48
Q

For each NADH enough energy is released to form ______ ATP

For each FADH2 there are ______ ATP produced

49
Q

Cellular respiration makes a total of _____ ATP (all ____for bacteria/prokaryotes)
______max for eukaryotes because 2 ATP is used to transport to the mitochondria

A

32, 32, 30

50
Q

How any ATP are made in oxidative phosphorylation?

51
Q

____% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration

52
Q

What’s the final electron accepter in the ETC?

53
Q

Fermentation = ________ acid

54
Q

How much ATP is made in fermentation?

A

Net 2ATP, 4 made total.

55
Q

In fermentation _____ is recycled.

__________ is reduced to alcohol or organic acid (some produce CO2)

A

NAD+, pyruvate

56
Q

What is the end acceptor of electrons in fermentation?

A

Organic molecules

57
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of fermentation?

A

Inputs- glucose, 2ATP, 4 ADP + 2P

Outputs- 2lactase, 2 alcohol and 2 CO2, 2ADP, 4ATP

58
Q

Something that can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

Pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road

A

Facultative anaerobes

59
Q

Feedback ___________ is the most common mechanism for control

A

Inhibition

60
Q

When ATP levels drop, respiration __________, when there is plenty of ATP, respiration ___________

A

Speeds up, slows

61
Q

ATP is an alosteric _________

62
Q

Distinguish between obligate and facultative anaerobes

A

Obligate- die in the presence of oxygen

Facultative- can perform aerobic respiration or fermentation

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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