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Biology 1406 > Chapter 5 The Structure and Function Of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5 The Structure and Function Of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four classes of large biological molecules that all living things are made up of?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Lipids are not polymers.

True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

A

Polymer

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4
Q

What are the three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules that are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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5
Q

How are polymers formed?

A

Condensation or dehydration reaction, a loss of a water molecule links monomers to form polymers

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6
Q

How are polymers broken down?

A

Hydrolysis, adds a water molecule that breaks a bond

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7
Q

The removal of a water to form a chemical bind is termed

A

Dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

Includes sugars and the polymers if sugars

Monosaccharides- single sugar
Disaccharides- 2 sugars
Polysaccharides-many sugars

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
(1-2-1 ratio)
Glucose (C6H12O6

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A
  • location of the carbonyl group (as arose or kerosene)

- number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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11
Q
  • Simplest sugars
  • Major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
  • ring or linear structure
A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

In aqueous solution monosaccharides form ________

A

Rings

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13
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

When disaccharides are made by dehydration reaction

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14
Q

The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its _________

A

Sugar monomers and the position of glycosidic linkages

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15
Q

Is amylose or amylopectin beached?

A

Amylopectin

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16
Q

Is cellulose alpha or beta glucose?

A

Beta

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17
Q

Storage polysaccharide of animals

A

Glycogen

Starch in plants

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18
Q

Where do humans store glycogen?

A

Liver and muscles

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19
Q

Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

The three categories of fats

A
  • phospholipids
  • triglycerides
  • steroids
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21
Q
  • large biological molecules that do not form polymers

- composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms

A

Fats

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22
Q

Formed by bonding glycerol to three fatty acids

Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction

Broken apart by hydrolysis

A

Triglycerides

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23
Q

Two types of fatty acids

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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24
Q

All carbons are linked by single covalent bonds

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS

A

Saturated fatty acid

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25
Q
  • Has one or more double bonds
  • double bonds cause the tail to bend, so it is liquid at room temp.
  • cis fats forms naturally
  • Hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond
A

Unsaturated fatty acids

26
Q

-glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
-Amphipathic molecule
-phosphate region- polar, hydrophilic, head
-fatty acid chains- nonpolar, hydrophobic,
tail

A

Phospholipid

27
Q

When ________ are added to water, they self-assemble unit a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing towards the interior

Major component of all cell membranes

A

Phospholipid

28
Q
  • **four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
  • usually not water soluble
  • cholesterol- important component in animal cell membranes
A

Steroids

29
Q

Lipids cannot be considered polymers because….

A

They are not composed of monomer subunits

30
Q

All ______ do not dissolve well in water.

A

Lipids

31
Q

Compared to tropical fish, arctic fish oils have…..

A

More unsaturated fatty acids

Decrease in chain length In colder environments

32
Q

Proteins account for more than ____% it the dry mass of most cells

A

50

33
Q

Protein functions include:

A
  • proteins involved in gene expression and regulation
  • Motor proteins
  • defense proteins
  • metabolic proteins
  • cell signaling proteins
  • structural proteins
  • transportation
  • storage proteins
34
Q
  • Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
  • differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups
  • cells use 20 amino acids to make thousands of proteins
A

Amino acid monomers

35
Q

Polypeptides are __________ _________ built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A

Unbranched polymers

36
Q
  • Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction
    • peptide bond
    • forms polypeptides
    • proteins are made up of 1 or more
  • broken apart by hydrolysis
A

Polypeptides

37
Q

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence linear sequence of amino acids, with a ________ end (C-terminus) and an ________ (N-terminus)

A

Carboxyl, amino

38
Q

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s ______________
And this determines its function

A

Three-dimensional conformation

39
Q

Four levels of protein structures

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary

All polypeptides have primary primary, secondary, and tertiary

Quaternary structure is not present in all polypeptides

40
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Amino acid sequence and this is determined by genes

41
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A
  • chemical and physical interactions course folding
  • repeating patterns-result form hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
    • alpha helices-coil
    • beta pleated sheets- folder structure(key determinants of a protein’s characteristics
    • “random coiled regions” (not a helix or beta pleated sheet, shape is specific and important to function)
42
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A
  • folding gives complex three-dimensional shape

- final level of structure for single polypeptide chain

43
Q

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions between ________, rather than interactions between the backbone constituents

These interactions included……

Strong covalent bonds called ___________ may reinforce the protein’s structure

A

R group

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions*, and van der Waals interactions

disulfide bridges

44
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Made up of 2 or more polypeptides from on macromolecule

- protein subunits- individual polypeptides
- multinumeric proteins- protein’s with multiple parts
45
Q

What are factors promoting protein folding and stability?

A 
1 hydrogen bonds
2 ionic bonds and other polar interactions 
3 hydrophobic effects
4 Van der Waals forces 
5 disulfide bridges
46
Q

The loss of a protein’s native conformation is called

Becomes biologically inactive

A

Denaturation

47
Q

What cause a protein to unravel?

A

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental interactions

48
Q

Something that helps other proteins fold

A

Chaperonins

49
Q

What biological molecules contain peptide bonds?

A

Proteins

50
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- double stranded, store genetic information

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -single stranded, involved in decoding this information into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to forms polypeptide chain

51
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers called ____________

A

Polynucleotides

52
Q

Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called _________

A

Nucleotides

53
Q

Describe the structure of nucleic acids

A

Monomer linker into polymer with a sugar-phosphate backbone

54
Q

Nucleoside?

A 
(Not the phosphate base) 
-nitrogenous base
-sugar 
     Ribose 
     Dexoribose
55
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines
-single six-membered ring

Purines

  • a six-membered ring fused to a five- membered ring
  • adenine and guanine (double ring)
56
Q

Complementary base pairings

A

A=T

G triple bond to C

57
Q

In the DNA double helix backbones run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as…..

A

Antiparallel

58
Q

When you see phosphate group it’s at _____

And the opposite end is the hydroxyl group at _____

A

5’

3’

59
Q

Thymine is associated with? And uracil?

A

DNA, RNA

60
Q

How many forms of DNA? RNA?

A

1 form, several forms

61
Q

2 strands DNA are bonded by HYDROGEN BONDS. There’s bonds are called __________

A

Phosphodiester bonds

62
Q

_______ encodes hereditary information

A

DNA, not RNA

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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