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Biology 1406 > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and it’s actual size

A

Magnification

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2
Q

Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one a other

A

Resolution

Shorter wavelength of light provides greater resolution

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3
Q

The two groups of microscopes based on source of illumination

A

Light microscope (resolution 200 nm)

Electron (resolution 2nm)

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4
Q

Two locations ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

A

Rough er and cytosol

Free ribosomes- in cytoplasm for the proteins used in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes- rough er, membrane proteins are made here

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5
Q

Small and large components made in the nucleus. Come out _________

A

Separately

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6
Q

ER is an extension of the ________

A

Nuclear envelope

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7
Q

What are the folds called on both ER?

A

Cisterne

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8
Q

What does the endomembrane system include ?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • plasma membrane
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9
Q

Functions of smooth er?

A
  • synthesis liquids
  • metabolize carbohydrates
  • store calcium
  • detoxify drugs and poisons
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10
Q

Functions of the rough er

A

Has bound ribosomes

  • produces protein membranes which at distributed by transport vesicles (secretory proteins/most glycoproteins)
  • membrane factory for cell
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11
Q

What is the membrane factory for the cell?

A

Rough er

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12
Q

The golgi Consists of flattened membranous sacs called __________
What are the two faces called?

A

Cisternae

Cis face (forming) 
Trans face (maturing)
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13
Q

Most subcellular structures, or organelles are too small to be seen by a light microscope. True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

A type of light microscope that allows living cells to examined in their natural state?
I’m transparent specimens

A

Phase contrast microscopes

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15
Q

Electron microscopes use __________ rather than glass lenses to focus the beam

A

Electromagnets

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16
Q

The two most common types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission TEM- focuses electrons through a specimen
Used to mainly to study internal surface of cells***

Scanning SEM-focuses a beam of electrons into the SURFACE of a specimen for images that look 3D

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17
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
  • cell structure is correlated to cellular function
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18
Q

Basic features of ALL cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm/cytosol
  • chromosomes
  • ribosomes
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19
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • Lack nucleus
  • lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes
  • small
  • simple structures
  • composed of bacteria and archaea
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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • true nucleus
  • internal membrane-bound organelles
  • larger
  • more complex structures
  • composed of algae, Protozoa, fungi, and animals, and plants
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21
Q

In the nucleotide region majority of prokaryotes have ____ circular chromosome
And eukaryotes it’s linear and has ____ copies

23 pairs
46 total

A

1,2

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22
Q

In prokaryotes the DNA is in the….

A

Nucleoid region

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23
Q

Bacteria cell walls are made of ____________

Archaea cell walls are made of ____________

A

Peptidoglycan

Pseudomurein

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24
Q

Basic features if bacterial cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm/cytosol
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
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25
Q

Ribosomes are not organelles because they lack a __________

A

Membrane

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26
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In the nucleolus

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27
Q

What is beneath the nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear lamina- gives it shape

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28
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane/ 2 phospholipid bilayers on top of each other

29
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of hydrolysis enzymes/ uses water to break down stuff

Lysomal enzymes are made by the er

30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When lysosomes break down something from outside the cell

31
Q

Autophagy

A

When lysomes break down something within the cell

32
Q

Where are vacuoles derived from?

A

The golgi of ER

Found in both animal and plant cells

33
Q

Oxidative organelles in both plants and animals

A

Peroxisomes

34
Q

A stack of thylakoids in chloroplast is called

A

Granum

35
Q

Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?

A

Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

36
Q

The structures of chloroplast

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Taylakoids, membranous sacs (a stack is called granum)
Stroma, the internal fluid

37
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast have similarities with ________

A

Bacteria

Envelopes by a double membrane
Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA
Grows and reproduces somewhat independently in cells

38
Q

Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?

A

Smooth ER

39
Q

What is the order of exocytosis or secretion pathway?

A

Rough ER, transport vesicle, golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane

40
Q

Specialized metabolic compartments binded by a SINGLE membrane

A

Peroxisome

41
Q

Toxic molecules broken down

  • general function to catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen
  • by product of reaction is H2O2
  • catalase breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen
A

Peroxisomes: oxidation

42
Q

The cytoskeleton is _________ the plasma membrane

A

Beneath

43
Q

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Organizes cell’s structure and activities, anchoring many organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

44
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Mircotubules
Mircofiliments
Intermediate filaments

45
Q

Component of the cytoskeleton that is involved with cell division

Dynamic

A

Mircotubule

46
Q

Component of the cytoskeleton Made of actin, smallest diameter

Dynamic

A

Microfilment

47
Q

Component of the cytoskeleton, medium size, nucleus it’s shape.

A

Intermediate filaments

48
Q
  • Hollow rods about 25nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
  • function is shaping cell, guide movement of organelles, separating chromosomes during cell division
A

Microtubules

49
Q

What is a pair of centrosomes called?

A

Centrozome

50
Q

In many cells, mircotubules grow out from a ___________ near the nucleus

A

Centrosome

51
Q
  • “Microtubule-organizing center”

- cell centrioles (a pair In animal cells), 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

A

Centrosomes

52
Q

Do plants have centrosomes

A

No

53
Q

What is cilla and flagella made of?

A

Microtubules

54
Q

The base of cilla and flagella looks like a ___________

Basil body and Dynein

9 doubles, 2 in the middle

A

Centriole

55
Q
  • Double chain of actin subunits
  • forms a 3D network just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cells shape and provide strength
  • intercellular movement
  • cell movement
  • cytokinesis
A

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

56
Q

Microfilments that function in cellular motility contain the protein ________ in addition to actin ________

A

Myosin, actin

57
Q

What drives amoeboid movement?

A

Microfiliments by actin and myosin

58
Q

A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells that occurs in plants
Movement from actin - myosin

A

Cytoplasmic steaming

59
Q

Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
More permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes

Beneath the envelope

A

Intermediate fibers

60
Q

Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excess uptake of water.
Cellular fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

A

Cell walls of plants

61
Q

Openings in cell walls, channels that perforate plant cell walls
-water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell

A

Plasmodesmata

62
Q

Layers of plant cell walls

A

Primary cell wall- relatively thin and flexible
Middle lamella-think layer between primary walls of adjacent cells (holds them together)
Secondary cell wall- only in some cells, added between the plasma membrane and the primary wall

63
Q

Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate _______________

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

64
Q

The ECM is made of up of …..

A

Glycoproteins and other macromolecule

65
Q

Functions of the ECM

A
  • support
  • adhesion
  • movement
  • regulation
66
Q
  • membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
  • held together along the entire space
A

Tight junctions

67
Q
  • (Anchoring junctions), fasten cell’s together into strong sheets
  • held just in one spot
A

Desmosomes

68
Q

(Communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

Gap junction

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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