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Biology 1406 > Chapter 10 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What drives the endergonic reaction in photosynthesis?

A

Energy from light

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2
Q

The organelles in plants that carry out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

What has the green pigment and absorbs light?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

Describe the anatomy of chloroplast

A

Outer and inner membrane, inter membrane space, 3rd membrane (thylakoid) contains pigment molecules

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5
Q

A stack of thylakoids make up the _________

A

Granum

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6
Q

The tiny openings where gassed pass though in pants

A

Stomata

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7
Q

The liquid part inside the chloroplast

A

Stroma

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8
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy

Yields

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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9
Q

Chloroplasts split water into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of ____________ into sugar molecules

O2 is released as a by product

A

Hydrogen

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10
Q

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction in which ________ is oxidized and ______________ is deduced

A

Water, CO2

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11
Q

Endergonic redox process, energy is used to reduce ___________

A

CO2

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12
Q

Photosynthesis consist of what two stages

A

Light reactions (photo part), Calvin cycle (the synthesis part) ***

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13
Q

Where does the photo part occur?

A

In thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

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14
Q

Steps of the light reactions

A
  • split water
  • releases oxygen
  • reduces NADP+ to NADPH
  • generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
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15
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

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16
Q

Steps in the Calvin cycle

A
  • CO2 is incorporated into existing organic molecules (carbon fixation)
  • reduced fixed carbon into carbohydrate (sugar)
       - ATP -provides chemical energy 
   - NADPH -provides reducing power
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17
Q

Thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of _____ and ________

A

ATP, NADPH

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18
Q

Light is a type of _____________ radiation

A

Electromagnetic

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19
Q

Do shorter or longer wavelengths have more energy?

A

Shorter

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20
Q

What is the wavelength range for visible light?

A

380-750 nm

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21
Q

What light drive photosynthesis?

A

Visible light

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22
Q

Each pigment absorbs a specific ______________

A

Wavelength

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23
Q

Substances that absorb visible light

A

Pigments in the chloroplast

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24
Q

Wavelengths that are not absorbed are _________ or ________

A

Reflected or transmitted

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25
Q

When pigments absorb light, electrons….

A

Get boosted to higher energy levels

26
Q
  • measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths
  • sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
A

Spectrophotometer

27
Q

What are the main pigments of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll a -key pigment

Chlorophyll d, carotenoids (accessory)

28
Q

What color range of of light works best for photosynthesis?

A

Violet-blue and red

29
Q

Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation I’m driving a process

A

An action spectrum

30
Q

After an electron absorbs energy; it goes from ground to…..

A

An unstable excited state

31
Q

Excited electrons fall back to ground state release energy as what?

A

Heat or Florences

32
Q

Two components of a photosystem?

A

Reaction center- pair of chlorophyll a molecules and the primary electron acceptor

Light- harvesting complexes- pigment molecules bound to proteins, funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center

33
Q

What is the first step of the light reactions?

A

Solar-powered transfer of an electron from chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor

34
Q

Two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane

A

Photosystem II and I

35
Q

Which PS functions first?

A

PS II

36
Q

PS II is best at absorbing a wavelength of ______ nm

And the reaction center chlorophyll a is called_______

A

680, P680

37
Q

PS I is best at absorbing a wavelength of ______ nm. The reaction-center chlorophyll a is called ______

A

700, P700

38
Q

The two phot systems work together to use light energy to generate _____ and ______

A

ATP and NADPH

39
Q

During the light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow:

A
  • cyclic
  • noncyclic (the primary pathway)

Cyclic electron flow uses PS I only (no NADPH or water)

40
Q

Noncyclic electron flow produces ________ and ________

A

ATP and NADPH

41
Q

SP I primary role?

A

To make NADPH

Addition of H+ to NADP contributes to H+ electrochemical gradient

42
Q

Photosystems I and II work together to make _____ and ______

A

ATP, NADPH

43
Q

Linear or noncyclic electron flow

A

PS II
Excited electrons travel to PS I
-water is oxidized, generates O2 and H+
- releases energy in electron transport chain
-energy used to make H+ electrochemical gradient

44
Q

ATP synthesis driven by flow of H+ from thylakoid _______ into _______ via ATP synthase

A

Lumen, stroma

45
Q

How is the H+ gradient generated?

A

H+ is increased by

 - thylakoid lumen by splitting of                 water 
  - by ETC pumping H+ into lumen

H+ is deceased from formation of NADPH In stroma

46
Q

Electrons begin in PS II and eventually transfer to ________ linear processes produce ATP and NADPH in ________ amounts

A

NADPH, equal

47
Q

The three products produced by light reactions

A
  1. O2 produced in thylakoid lumen by oxidation of H2O by PS II 2 electrons transferred to P680+
  2. NADPH produced In the stroma from high-energy electrons that start in PS II and boosted in PS I
  3. ATP produced in stroma by H+ electrochemical gradient
48
Q

Cyclic electron flow only makes ______ and only uses PS __

A

ATP, 1

49
Q

Cyclic electron flow generates surplus ______, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

A

ATP

50
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  • Electron cycling relaxes energy to transport H+ into lumen driving synthesis if ATP
  • PS electrons excited, real see e wordy and eventually return to PS I
  • favored when ATP Levels are low
  • favored when NADP+ is low and NADPH is high
51
Q

Water is split by _______ on the side of the membrane _______ the thylakoid space

A

PS II, facing

52
Q

The diffusion of H+ form ________ back you the _______ powers ATP synthase

A

The thylakoid space, stroma

53
Q

ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the ______, where the Calvin cycle takes place

A

Stroma

54
Q

Light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from ________ to ________

A

H2O, NADPH

55
Q
  • ATP and NADPH used to make carbohydrates

- CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates (precursor to all organic molecules, energy storage)

A

Calvin-Benson cycle

56
Q

The Calvin cycle uses ______ and ________ to convert CO2 to sugar

A

ATP and NADH

57
Q

Carbon enters the Calvin cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named……

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Glucose is not directly made

58
Q

For every 6 CO2 incorporated in the Calvin cycle, ______ ATP and ______ NADPH used

A

18, 12

59
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. reduction and carbohydrate production
  3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor RuBP
60
Q
  • first phase of the Calvin cycle
  • CO2 is incorporated in RuBP using rubisco
  • 6 carbons intermediates splits into 2 3PG
A

Carbon fixation

61
Q

-second phase of the Calvin cycle
-ATP is used to concert 3PG into 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
-NADPH electrons reduce it to G3P
-6CO2 ——-> 12 G3P
(2 for carbohydrate, 20 for regeneration of RuBP

A

Reduction and carbohydrate production

62
Q
  • third phase of the Calvin cycle

- 10 G3P converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP

A

Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor RuBP

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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