Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1406 > Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ chromosomes for haploid and ______ chromosomes for diploid

A

23, 46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA plus the proteins makes up….

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All the DNA together in one cell refers to the ….

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA molecules are packaged into thread like packages

DNA plus the proteins

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chromosomes are made up of ___________

A

Chromatin

Compacted DNA?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When the cells get ready to divide, the chromosomes _________ enough time be seen with a light microscope

A

Compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somatic cells have _____ sets of chromosomes

Gametes cells have _______ as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

2, half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reveals number, size, and from of chromosomes in an actively dividing cell

A

Karyotype, genetic analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

22 pairs in humans is called

A

Autosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ pair of sex chromosomes in humans

XX or XY

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2n represents….

n represents…..

A

Diploid

Haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sex chromosomes are not homologous. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In diploid species m, members of a pair of chromosomes are called ————-

A

Homologous

Each homologue nearly identical in size and genetic composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sex chromosomes are very __________ from each other.

Do X and Y differ in their size and composition?

A

Different, yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In preparation for cell division, DNA is ____________ and the chromosomes are _______

A

Replicated, condensed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the joined copies of the original chromosome called?

A

Sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • The narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosomes

- two chromatids are most closely attached

A

Centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chromosomes are identified by…..

A

Size, location of centromere, and banding pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The short arm on chromosomes is ____, long arm is _____

Which one is on top?

A

p, q

Short arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When the centromere is in the middle….

A

Metacentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When the location of the centromere is off center

A

Submetacentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When the location of the centromere is near the end….

A

Acrocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When the centromere location is at the end….

A

Telocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Giemsa stain gives _____ banding

A

G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In mitosis cell division results in daughter cells with _________ genetic information

A

Identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cell division in meiosis results in ____________ daughter cells

A

Non identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

During cell division the two sister chromatids is each duplicated chromosomes spectate and move into two nuclei

Once separate, the chromatids are called…

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The cell cycle consists of what two phases?

A

Interphase-(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division) this is the longest phase

Mitotic (M) phase- (mitosis and cytokines)
dividing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Interphase is divided into what three subphases?

Cell grows during all three phases*

A

G1 phase- “first gap” makes proteins

S phase- “synthesis” sister chromatids are made

G2 phase- “second gap” makes proteins for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

S phase

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • sister chromatids- two identical copies with associated proteins
  • centromere
    - kinetochore
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two phases of M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens in the mitosis phase of the M phase?

A

Divide one cell into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens in the cytokinesis phase of the M phase?

A

Division of the cytoplasm, follows in most cases

35
Q
  • 2 new cells genetically identical to the original
  • mother cells
  • daughter cells
  • mitosis and cytokinesis
  • can be for asexual reproduction or for production and maintenance of multicellularity
A

M phase mitotic cell division

36
Q

Mitosis is divided into what five phases?

A 
Prophase 
Prometaphase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase
37
Q

______________ overlaps the latter stages of mitosis

A

Cytokinesis

38
Q

What is responsible for organizing and sorting the chromosomes during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindles

39
Q

What are mitotic spindles composed of?

A

Microtubules

40
Q

What is responsible for the sorting process that ensures that each daughter cell will obtain the correct number and type of chromosomes

A

Mitotic spindles

41
Q

Animal cells have centrioles that are not found in many other eukaryotes. True or false

A

True

42
Q

Microtubule organizing center (MTOCs) are derives from ……

A

Centrosomes

43
Q

A single centrosome duplicated a the beginning of…..

Each defines a pole

A

M phase

44
Q

Spindle is formed from _________

Tubulin proteins

A

Microtubules

45
Q

What are the three types of microtubules?

A
  • astral -position spindle in cell
  • polar -separate two poles
  • kinetochore -attached to kinetochore bound to centromeres of each chromosome
46
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromosomes have already replicated to produce 12 chromatids, joined as six pairs of sister chromatids
  • neclear membrane dissociates into small vesicles
  • chromatids condense into highly compacted structures that are readily visible by light microscopy
  • the nucleoli disappear
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
47
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope completely fragments
  • mitotic spindle is fully formed during this phase
  • centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
  • Spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids
  • two kinetochore microtubles form opposite poles
  • nonkinetichore microtubules interact with those from opposite pole of the spindle
48
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell
  • pairs of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway between the poles called metaphase plate
  • organized into a single row
  • when alignment is complete, the cell is in metaphase
49
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • Connection between the pairs of sister chromatids are broken (-separate cleaves cohesions (proteins) holding together sister chromatids
  • each chromatid, now an individual chromosome, is linked to only of the two poles by one or more kinetochore microtubules
  • kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes toward the pole to which they are attached
  • two poles move farther away from each other as overlapping polar microtubules lengthen and push against each other
50
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense
  • nuclear membranes now re-form to produce two separate nuclei
  • nucleoli reappear
  • spindle microtubules depolymerize
51
Q

What is a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis?

A

Mitotic spindle

52
Q

In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the ______________, the microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosomes

53
Q

The centrosomes replicates during __________,forming two centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during _________ and ___________

A

Interphase,

Prophase and Prometaphase

54
Q

An __________ (a radial array of short microtubules) extends from each centrosome

A

Aster

55
Q

The spindle includes…..

A

The centrosome, the spindle microtubules, and the asters

56
Q

During _____________, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes

A

Prometaphase

57
Q

Protein complexes associated with centromeres?

A

Kinetochores

58
Q

At metaphase, the chromosomes are all lined up at the____________, an imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindle’s two poles

A

Metaphase plate

59
Q

What phase do sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell?

A

Anaphase

60
Q

The microtubules shorten by _____________ at their kinetochore ends

A

Deploymerizing

61
Q

______________ microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell

A

Nonkinetochore

62
Q

In what phase do genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell?

A

Telophase

63
Q

Cytokinesis begins during ___________ or _____________ and the spindle eventually disassembles

A

Anaphase or telophase

64
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as ____________, forming a ______________

A

Cleavage, cleavage furrow

65
Q

In plant cells, a _________ forms during cytokinesis

A

Cell plate

66
Q

Binary fission in bacteria?

A

The chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication*)

  • to daughter chromosomes actively move apart
  • plasma membrane pinches inward
67
Q

How are eukaryotic cells are regulated by specific chemical signals in the ___________

A

Cytoplasm

68
Q

The cell cycle Control system is regulated by both __________ and ___________ controls

A

External

  • environmental conditions
  • signaling molecules

Internal

  • cell cycle control molecules
  • checkpoints
69
Q

Checkpoint that stops if DNA is damaged ***

A

G1

70
Q

Checkpoint that checks to make sure copies were made, also if DNA was damaged, and if proteins are present ***

A

G2

71
Q

Checkpoint that checks if sister chromatids are lined up on the metaphase plate

A

M checkpoint

72
Q

Three critical regulatory points or checkpoints in eukaryotes

A
  • G1 checkpoint (restriction point)
  • G2 checkpoint
  • metaphase checkpoint
73
Q

For many cells the _______ checkpoint seems to be the most important

A

G1

74
Q

If cells do not receive the go ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a non-dividing state called the…

A

G0 phase

75
Q

Two types of regulatory proteins that are involved in the cell cycle control:

A

Cyclins- (cyclically fluctuating concentrations in cells)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)- actively fuctuates because it is controlled by cyclins

76
Q

Is cyclin active by itself?

A

No

77
Q

Kinases controlling cell cycle must bind to a ________ to be active

A

Cyclin

78
Q

Cyclin + Cdk =

A

MFP (maturation-promoting factor)

79
Q

Cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

A

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

80
Q

MPF peaks during?

A

Metaphase

81
Q

Internal vs. external signals at checkpoints

A

Internal- kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

External- growth factor (required for cell division) -proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide, playlet-derived growth factor

82
Q

When crowded cells stop dividing this is called…

A

Density-dependent inhibition

83
Q

When cells must be attached to divide, most animal cells

A

Anchorage dependence

84
Q

A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called ______________

A

Transformation

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions