Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1406 > Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two laws of inheritance Mendel discovered?

A

The law of segregation

The law of independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The pea plants he studied had many varieties with distinct features called _____________ (such as flower color)

Variants of these (such as purple or white flowers) are called ________

A

Characters

Traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is true breeding?

A

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

*every generation is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In a typical experiment mental would mate two contrasting, true breeding varieties, this process is called…..

When only a single factor is crossed and allows for variation in one character it is called….

A

Hybridization

Monohybrid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True breeding parents is the _____ generation

A

P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Mendel see when he crossed contesting true breeding pea plants?

What did he see when he crossed those F1 plants?

A

All the F1 hybrids were the dominate trait (purple)

3 to 1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Mendel called a “___________” we now call a gene

A

Heritable factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the first concept of Mendel’s model?

A

Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

This called an allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second concept of Mendel’s model?

A

For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

*He made this deduction without knowing about chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the third concept of Mendel’s model?

A

If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominate allele, determines the appearance and the other has no noticeable effect on appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the forth concept of Mendel’s model?

What’s it also known as?

A

AKA the law of segregation

Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mendel’s ______________ model accounts for the 3:1 ratio he observed in the F2 generation

A

Segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Only ____________ are true breeding

A

Homozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phenotype vs. genotype?

A

Physical appearance

Genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can we tell the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype?

A

Carry out a cross test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is a cross test done?

A

Breed the mystery individual with a homozygous resssive individual

If any are recessive phenotype, then the mystery parent must be heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did Mendel identify this second law of inheritance (independent assortment)?

A

By following two characters at the same time

These are called dihybrids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine weather two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently
What is this cross called?

A

Dihybrid cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What ratio do you get when you cross two heterozygous traits?

A

9:3:3:1

20
Q

Using a dihybrid cross Mendel declines the law of…….

A

Independent assortment

21
Q

This law states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

This is only when they are on different chromosomes***

A

Law of segregation

22
Q

The law of segregation only applies to….

A

Genes on different, non homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome

23
Q

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be …..

A

Inherited together

When they are different chromosomes they sort independently

24
Q

Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of……

A

Probability

25
Q

What rule states that The probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

A

Multiplication rule

26
Q

What law states that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

A

Addition rule

27
Q

What are the three types of dominance?

A

Complete- when the phenotypes of the Heterozygote and dominant homozygous or identical

Incomplete dominance-when the phenotype of F1 is somewhere in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

Codominance- two dominate alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

28
Q

When a hetrozygote has intermediate phenotype

Ex. Half the amount of protein for flowers is not enough to make the flower red, it’s pink instead

A

Incomplete dominance

29
Q

If you do not see a 3:1:1 ratio it could be

A

Incomplete dominance

Ex: could be a cross with a 1:2:1 ratio

30
Q

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called….

A

Pleiotropy

31
Q

When a mistake in one gene causes multiple problems, when it effects more than one phenotype.

A

Pleiotropy

32
Q

Examples of pleiotropy

A

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell

33
Q

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

A

Epistasis

Ex: lab dogs

34
Q

Quantitive characters are those that Vary in a population along a continuum
Usually indicated polygenic inheritance, an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

Ex: height, skin color

A

Ploygenic Inheritance

35
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

A

Polygenic inheritance

36
Q

A ratio of 9:3:4 means what?

A

Epistasis is taking place

37
Q

The phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

A

Norm of reaction

38
Q

Norms of reaction are generally broadest for…:

A

Polygenic characters

39
Q

Search characters are called ______________ because genetic and environmental factors collectively influence phenotype

A

Multifactorial

40
Q

If a child had a trait but parents did not, it is…..

A

Recessive

41
Q

One of the parents must show the trait to be…….

A

Dominate

42
Q

Albinism, sickle cell and cystic fibrosis are….

A

Recessive

43
Q

Most common lethal genetic disease in the US

Results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membrane’s leading to a build up of chloride ions outside the cell

Mucus buildup

A

Cystic fibrosis

44
Q

Dwarfism and Huntington’s disease are….

A

Dominate

45
Q

Degenerative disease of the nervous system

A

Huntington’s disease

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions