Chapter 4 Carbon And Molecular Diversity If Life

Question 1

Organic molecules contain ________ and __________

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen

Question 2

Types of macromolecules

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 3

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of ______

Answer 3

Energy

Question 4

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties?
What are the three types?

Answer 4

Isomers

• structural isomers
• geometric isomers (cis-trans)
• enantiomers

Question 5

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 5

Different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Question 6

What are geometric isomers (cis-trans)?

Answer 6

Have the same covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangements
Ex. Hydrogens on opposite sides of the X instead of same side

Question 7

What are enantiomer isomers?

Answer 7

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

Think of gloves

Question 8

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depends not only on the carbon skeleton but also the ____________ attached to it

Answer 8

Molecular components

Question 9

Functional groups are involved in the ___________ not the structure of the organic molecules

Answer 9

Chemical reactions

Question 10

What are the 7 functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life?

Answer 10

• hydroxyl
• carbonyl
• carboxyl
• amino group
• sulfhydryl
• phosphate
• methyl

Question 11

-OH, may be written OH-

Is polar due to electromagnetic oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helps dissolve compounds such as sugar

Answer 11

Hydroxyl group

Question 12

\
C =O
/

Aldehyde if it’s at the end and keytosis If it is within
Water soluble
Compound name: Ketone (if it is within a carbon skeleton, and aldehyde if it is at the end of the carbon skeleton)

Answer 12

Carbonyl

Question 13

-COOH

-C=O
\
OH

Acidic and water soluble
Amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, acetic acids and other organic acids
Compound name: carboxylic acid, or organic acid

Answer 13

Carboxyl

Question 14

-NH2

     H
     /
-N
    \
    H

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution
Compound name: Amine

Proteins, amino acids, nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

Water soluble

Answer 14

Amino

Question 15

-SH (may be written HS-)

Compound name: Thiol

Two -SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structures.

Answer 15

Sulfhydryl

Question 16

-OPO3^2-

        O-
        I
O = P- O-
        I
       O-

Compound name: Organic Phosphate

Contributes negative charge, when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

Answer 16

Phosphate group

Question 17

-CH3

   H
    I
- C - H
    I
   H

Compound Name: Methylated compound

Not polar, affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female hormones.

Answer 17

Methyl group

Question 18

Primary energy-transferring molecule of the cell, one phosphate molecule

Answer 18

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 19

ATP consists of an organic molecule called _________ attached to a string of ____ phosphate groups

Answer 19

Adenosine, 3

Question 20

What type of bonds joins a functional group to the carbon skeleton of a large molecule?

Answer 20

Covalent bond

Question 21

What type of molecule may contain sulfhydryl groups?

Answer 21

Protein

Question 22

Which functional group behaves as a weak acid in organic molecules?

Answer 22

Carboxyl