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Biology 1406 > Chapter 17 From Gene to Protien > Flashcards

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protien Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to RNA

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2
Q

What is translation?

A

Uses mRNA to make a polypeptide from nucleotide form

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3
Q

Who First suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions

He thought symptoms of an inherited disease reflect and inability to synthesize the certain enzymes

Ex: alkaptonuriq

A

Archibald Garrod

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4
Q

Who studied mutants in bread mold and

They developed a “one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis,which states that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme

A

Beadle and Tatum

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5
Q

How did Beadle and Tatums hypothesis change?

A

Started as “one gene – one enzyme”….

One gene-one protein…

One gene- one polypeptide…

Some genes code for RNA molecules

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6
Q

______________ is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

A

Transcription

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7
Q

Transcription produces…

A

Messenger RNA mRNA

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8
Q

____________ Is the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA

A

Translation

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9
Q

Where is the site of translation?

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command:

A

DNA to RNA to polypeptides

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11
Q

Which strand is transcribed?

A

The template strand

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12
Q

Transcription is also in what direction?

A

5’- 3’

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13
Q

A gene is a region of DNA whose final product is either a ____________ or an ____________ molecule

A

Polypeptide, RNA

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14
Q

In what type of cell is The mRNA that is produced by transcription immediately translated without more processing?

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

In eukaryotic cells the ___________ separates transcription from translation

Eukaryotic RNA transcripts are modified through RNA processing to yield finished mRNA

A

Nuclear envelope

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16
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ___________________, which pries the DNA strand apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

RNA synthesis follows the same base pairing rules as DNA, except __________ substitutes for __________

A

Uracil, thymine

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18
Q

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches is called the ______________; in prokaryotes the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the __________

A

Promoter, terminator

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19
Q

The structure of DNA that is transcribed is called a….

A

Transcription unit

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20
Q

Bacteria don’t have Introns true or false?

A

True

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21
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

A

Initiation (promoter), elongation, termination

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22
Q

The promoter is before the…..

A

Start site

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23
Q

Is the promoter transcribed?

A

No

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24
Q

What signals the initiation of RNA synthesis?

A

Promoter

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25
Q

_____________ mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription

Recognizes for it to be on or off

If it is not there it will not be transcribed

A

Transcription factors

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26
Q

Completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase two bound to a promoter

A

Transcription initiation complex

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27
Q

Promoter sequence crucial in forming the initiation complex in many eukaryotic promoters

A

TATA box

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28
Q
  • as RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it on twist the double helix, 10 to 20 bases at a time
  • transcription progresses at a rate of 60 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes
  • A gene can be to transcribe simultaneously by several RNA polymerases
A

Elongation of the RNA strand

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29
Q

How is termination different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

In prokaryotes the polymerase stops transcription at the end of the terminator

10 to 35 nucleotides downstream of polyadenlyation signal (AAUAAA) RNA transcript is cut free from the polymerase

30
Q

Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatch to the cytoplasm

during _____________, both ends of the primary transcript are usually altered

Also, usually some interior parts of a molecule are cut out, and the other parts splice together

A

RNA processing

31
Q

Each end of a pre-mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way:

the 5’ end receives…..
The 3’ end gets….

These modifications share what functions?

A

A modified nucleotide cap
Poly-A tail

Seem to facilitate the export of mRNA
Protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes
Help ribosomes attached to the five prime end

*this is in eukaryotic cells

32
Q

______________ removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

A

RNA splicing

33
Q

In some cases, RNA splicing is carried out by…

A

Spliceosomes

34
Q
  • variety of proteins

- several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPs) that recognize the spice sites

A

Spliceosomes

35
Q

When RNA is enzymatic it is called?

A

Ribozyme

36
Q

Function as enzymes and can spice RNA

Catalytic RNA molecules

A

Ribozyme

37
Q
  • some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing
  • because of this The number of different proteins in organism can produce is much greater than its number of genes
  • such variations are called….
A

Alternative RNA splicing

38
Q

In many cases different _______ code for the different domains in a protein

A

Exons

39
Q

How many potential codon combinations are there?

A

64

40
Q

___________ on tRNA matched to __________ on mRNA

A

Anticodons

Codons

41
Q
  • a series of non-overlapping, three nucleotide words
  • smallest unit that can code for all the amino acids

*nonoverlapping

A

Triplet code

42
Q

Genetic code is __________ but not ambiguous

A

Redundant

43
Q
  • only the first two nucleotides are required to encode the correct amino acid
  • The third nucleotide does not change it sense
  • permits some variation or mutation without altering the message
A

Wobble

44
Q

AUG encodes….

A

Methionine *start codon

45
Q

A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of….

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

46
Q

Molecules of tRNA are not ___________. Each carries a specific amino acid on one end.
-each has an anti-codon on the other end, the anti-codon base pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

A

Identical

47
Q

-Single RNA strand that is only about 80 nucleotides long
-complementary stretches of bases hydrogen
Twist and folds into a three dimensional molecule

A

tRNA molecule

48
Q

What are the two steps for accurate translation?

A
  • First step, a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
  • Second step, a correct match between the tRNA anti-codon and an mRNA codon
49
Q
  • facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anti-codons with mRNA codons in proteins synthesis
  • two ribosomal subunits are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A

Ribosomes

50
Q

What are the three binding sites for tRNA?

A
  • the P site holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain
  • the A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be carried to the chain
  • The E site is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
51
Q

The three stages of translation…

All three stages require ______________ that aid in the translation process

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

Protein “factors”

52
Q

The initiation stage of translation brings together…

First, a small ribosomal subunits binds with….

A

mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits

mRNA and a special initiator tRNA

53
Q

The __________ moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG)

Proteins called _____________ bring in the large subunit so the initiator tRNA occupies the ____ site

A

Small subunit

Initiation factors

P

54
Q

During the _________ stage, amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid

Each addition involves proteins called elongation factorsand it occurs in three steps:….

A

Elongation

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation

55
Q

Termination occurs when a stop codon in the MRNA reaches the ______ site of the ribosome

This site accepts a protein called a release factor, this causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid

This reaction releases the polypeptide

A

A

56
Q

A number of ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously, forming a…..

A

Polyribosome

57
Q

Proteins may also require ______________ modifications before doing their job

A

Posttranlational

58
Q

Free ribosomes mostly synthesize proteins that function in the ________

Bound ribosomes make proteins of the…

Ribosomes are identical and can switch from free to bound

A

Cytosol

Endo membrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell

59
Q

Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the _________

Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless the polypeptide signals the ribosome to attach to the ER (these are marked by a signal peptide)

A

Cytosol

60
Q

______________ binds to the signal peptide

This brings the signal peptide and it’s ribosome to the ER

A

A signal-recognition particle (SRP)

61
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope, allowing….

In a eukaryotic cell the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation
-extensive RNA processing occurs in the nucleus

A

Translation to begin while transcription progresses

62
Q

What are RNAs diverse functions?

A

Structural, informational, and catalytic functions

63
Q

What are properties that enable RNA to perform many different functions?

A
  • can hydrogen bond to other nucleic acid’s
  • can assume a three dimensional shape
  • has functional groups that allow it to act as a catalyst (ribozyme)
64
Q

The enzyme __________ directs transcription

A

Polymerase

65
Q

________________ are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

They change of a single nucleotide and I do you need template strand leads to production of an abnormal protein

A

Point mutations

66
Q

In point mutations,

When it codes for a different amino acid….

Stops, no further amino acid coded for, this leads to a non functional protein…

Which is more common?

A

Missense

Nonsense

Missense

67
Q

Point mutations within a gene can be divided into what two general categories?

A
  • base-pair substitutes

- base-pair insertions or deletions

68
Q

Base pair substitution can cause…

A

Missense or nonsense

69
Q

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame, producing a….

A

Frameshift mutation

70
Q

Which type of mutations have a more disastrous effect on the resulting protein? Insertions and deletions? Or substitutions?

A

Insertions and deletions

71
Q

______________ are physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

A

Mutagens

Biology 1406 (20 decks)

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