Chapter 8: An Intro to Metabolism Flashcards
What catabolism?
When something is being broken down, releases energy
What is anabolism?
Building or making something, this requires energy
Synthesis of cell molecules and structures
Biosynthesis
Are Endergonic reactions anabolic or catabolism?
Anabolic
Are excergonic reactions anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
Breaks the bonds of larger molecules to release energy
Catabolism (exergonic reactions)
Metabolic reactions may be _______
Coupled
What is the study of energy transformations?
Thermodynamics
Are organisms an open or closed system?
Open
What’s an example of a closed system?
Thermos, no exchange with the environment
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy of the universe is constant
Energy can be transferred and transformed
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The first law of of thermodynamics is also called….
The principle of conservation of energy
The second law of thermodynamics?
- during every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, often lost as heat
- every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Spontaneous processes occur without _________; they can happen quickly or slowly
Energy input
For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the ……
Entropy of the universe
Entropy (disorder) may _______ in an organism, but the universe’s total entropy _________
Decreases, increases
How can you tell which processes are spontaneous?
If delta G is negative
What is delta G?
Free energy/ energy that can do work
What is delta H?
Total energy
T stands for?
Temperature
What is delta S?
Change in the entropy
Delta G =
Delta H - T delta S
Is a measure of a system’s instability, it’s tendency to change to a more stable state
Free energy
During spontaneous change, free energy _______ and the stability of a system ________
Decreases, increases
What is the state of maximum stability?
Equilibrium
When delta G is 0
A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving towards…
Equilibrium
Reactions in closed systems eventually reach __________ and then…..
Equilibrium,
Do no work
The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by……
This releases _________
Hydrolysis
Energy
Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or consumed in the reaction
Catalysts
What are biological catalysts?
Enzymes,
They can be reused
What is induced fit?
Brings Chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reactions
Enzymes do not effect ______; instead they hasten reactions they would occur eventually
Delta G (change in free energy)
Catalysis in the enzyme’s active site can lower activation energy barrier by …..
- orienting substrates correctly
- straining substrate bonds
- providing a favorable micro environment
- covalently bonding time the substrate
What is a non-protein enzyme helper?
Cofactor, ex. Iron, zinc
Coenzyme- when the cofactor is organic ex.vitamins
a biochemically active compound formed by the combination of an enzyme with a coenzyme.
Holoenzyme
Where do competitive inhibitors bind?
The active site
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind where?
What effect do they have?
The alosteric site, opposite of the active site.
They change the shape of the enzyme making it less effective
Sometimes binding to the allosteric site can inhibit or prohibit the active site (true or false)
True
The binding of an activator stabilizes the ______ from of the enzyme
Active
The binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the ________ from of the enzyme
Inactive
_____________ is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
Cooperativity
In copperativity, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at …..
All other subunits
When the end product of a metabolic pathway sits down the pathway
Feedback inhibition
Some enzymes act as ___________ components of membranes
Structural
