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Emergency Medical Technician book > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

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2
Q

agonal gasps

A

Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped

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3
Q

airway

A

The upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat

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4
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume.

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5
Q

American Standard System

A

A safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

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6
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid

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7
Q

apnea

A

Absence of spontaneous breathing

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8
Q

aspiration

A

In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs

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9
Q

ataxic respirations

A

Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

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10
Q

automatic transport ventilator (ATV)

A

A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated

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11
Q

bag-mask device

A

A device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag, when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen

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12
Q

barrier device

A

A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient’s body fluids

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13
Q

bilateral

A

A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

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14
Q

bronchioles

A

Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

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15
Q

carina

A

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi

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16
Q

chemoreceptors

A

Monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

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17
Q

compliance

A

The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

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18
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress, can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation

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19
Q

dead space

A

The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange

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20
Q

diffusion

A

A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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21
Q

dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

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22
Q

exhalation

A

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

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23
Q

external respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary repiration

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24
Q

gag reflex

A

A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat

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25
Q

gastric distention

A

A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation

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26
Q

glottis

A

The space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway; also called the glottic opening

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27
Q

good air exchange

A

A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard.

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28
Q

head tilt-chin lift maneuver

A

A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients

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29
Q

hypercarbia

A

Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

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30
Q

hypoxia

A

A dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen

31
Q

hypoxic drive

A

A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

32
Q

inhalation

A

The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs

33
Q

internal respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues

34
Q

intrapulmonary shunting

A

Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

35
Q

jaw-thrust maneuver

A

Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury

36
Q

labored breathing

A

Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles

37
Q

larynx

A

A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box

38
Q

manually-triggered ventilation device

A

A fixed flow/rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device

39
Q

mediastinum

A

Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs

40
Q

metabolism (cellular respiration)

A

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

41
Q

mild airway obstruction

A

Occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient’s airway. The patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress.

42
Q

minute ventilation

A

The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate; also referred to as minute volume

43
Q

nasal cannula

A

An oxygen-delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient’s nostrils; delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen, depending on the flow rate

44
Q

nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway

A

Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient, or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently

45
Q

nasopharynx

A

The nasal cavity; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants

46
Q

nonrebreathing mask

A

A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases (carbon dioxide)

47
Q

oropharyngeal (oral) airway

A

Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary.

48
Q

oropharynx

A

Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue

49
Q

oxygenation

A

The process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

50
Q

parietal pleura

A

Thin membrane that lines the chest cavity

51
Q

partial pressure

A

The term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

52
Q

patent

A

Open, clear of obstruction

53
Q

phrenic nerve

A

Nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur

54
Q

pin-indexing system

A

A system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

55
Q

pneumothorax

A

A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

56
Q

poor air exchange

A

A term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor).

57
Q

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

A

Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs

58
Q

pulse oximetry

A

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds

59
Q

recovery position

A

A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately

60
Q

residual volume

A

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

61
Q

respiration

A

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

62
Q

retractions

A

Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during respiration

63
Q

severe airway obstruction

A

Occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient’s airway. Patients cannot breathe, talk or cough.

64
Q

stoma

A

An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin

65
Q

surfectant

A

A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

66
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

A life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift of the mediastinal structures to the opposite side

67
Q

tidal volume

A

The amount of air (in mL) that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath

68
Q

tonsil tips

A

Large, semirigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx; also called Yankauer tips

69
Q

tracheostomy

A

Surgical opening into the trachea

70
Q

ventilation

A

Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

71
Q

visceral pleura

A

Thin membrane that covers the lungs

72
Q

vital capacity

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

73
Q

vocal cords

A

Thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production

74
Q

wheezing

A

The production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis

Emergency Medical Technician book (39 decks)

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