Chapter 5 Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
abdomen
A
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
2
Q
abduction
A
Motion of a limb away from the midline
3
Q
acetabulum
A
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
4
Q
Adam’s apple
A
The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women.
5
Q
adduction
A
Motion of a limb toward the midline
6
Q
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
7
Q
adrenal glands
A
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
8
Q
adrenergic
A
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine, that is the adrenergic receptors.
9
Q
aerobic metabolism
A
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
10
Q
agonal gasps
A
Slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in dying patients
11
Q
alpha-adrenergic receptors
A
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels
12
Q
alveoli
A
The air sacs of the lung in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
13
Q
anaerobic metabolism
A
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid
14
Q
anatomic position
A
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
15
Q
anterior
A
The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position
16
Q
aorta
A
The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
17
Q
apex (plural apices)
A
The pointed extremity of a conical structure
18
Q
apneustic center
A
Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate
19
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
20
Q
appendix
A
A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
21
Q
arterioles
A
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
22
Q
atrium
A
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
23
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
24
Q
axial skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
25
ball-and-socket joint
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
26
beta-adrenergic receptors
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
27
biceps
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
28
bilateral
In anatomy, a body part that appears on both sides of the midline
29
bile ducts
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
30
blood pressure (BP)
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
31
brachial artery
The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm
32
brain
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
33
brain stem
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
34
capillary vessels
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
35
cardiac muscle
The heart muscle
36
carotid artery
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
37
cartilage
The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
38
cecum
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
39
central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
40
cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain"; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
41
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the mininges
42
cerebrum
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
43
cervical spine
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
44
chordae tendineae
Thin brands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
45
chyme
The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
46
circulatory system
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
47
clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
48
coccyx
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
49
coronal plane
An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts
50
cranium
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain.
51
cricoid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
52
cricothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
53
dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
54
deep
Further inside the body and away from the skin
55
dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
56
diaphragm
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
57
diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
58
diffusion
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
59
digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
60
distal
Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity
61
dorsal
The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand
62
dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
63
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found
64
endocrine system
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
65
enzymes
Substances catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
66
epidermis
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
67
epiglottis
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
68
epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
69
esophagus
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
70
expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL
71
extend
To straighten
72
extension
The straightening of a joint
73
fallopian tubes
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
74
femoral artery
The principal artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
75
femoral head
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
76
femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
77
flex
To bend
78
flexion
The bending of a joint
79
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
80
gallbladder
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
81
genital system
The reproductive system in males and females
82
germinal layer
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
83
greater trochanter
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
84
hair follicles
The small organs that produce hair
85
heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through out the body
86
heart rate
The number of heartbeats during a specific time
87
Hering-Breuer reflex
A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs
88
hinge joints
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
89
hormones
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
90
humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
91
hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
92
hypoxic drive
A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
93
ilium
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
94
inferior
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
95
inferior vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
96
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
97
interstitial space
The space in between the cells
98
involuntary muscle
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
99
ischium
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
100
joint (articulation)
The place where two bones come into contact
101
joint capsule
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
102
kidneys
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
103
labored breathing
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
104
lactic acid
A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
105
large intestine
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
106
lateral
In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures.
107
lesser trochanter
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
108
ligament
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.
109
liver
A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
110
lumbar spine
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
111
mandible
The bone of the lower jaw
112
manubrium
The upper quarter of the sternum
113
maxillae
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
114
medial
Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures
115
medulla oblongata
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
116
midbrain
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
117
midsagittal plane (midline)
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor
118
minute volume
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation.
119
motor nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
120
mucous membranes
The lining the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
121
mucus
The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
122
musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
123
myocardium
The heart muscle
124
nasopharynx
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
125
nervous system
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
126
norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
127
occiput
The most posterior portion of the cranium
128
oncotic pressure
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
129
orbit
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
130
oropharynx
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
131
ovaries
Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs)
132
palmar
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position
133
pancreas
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
134
parasympathetic nervous system
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical actetylcholine
135
parietal regions
The areas between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
136
patella
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
137
pathophysiology
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
138
perfusion
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs
139
peripheral nervous system
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
140
peristalsis
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
141
plantar
The bottom surface of the foot
142
plasma
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
143
platelets
Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
144
pleura
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
145
pleural space
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
146
pneumotaxic (pontine) center
A portion of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations
147
pons
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
148
posterior
In anatomy, the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position
149
posterior tibial artery
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
150
prostate gland
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
151
proximal
Closer to the trunk
152
pubic symphysis
A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
153
pubis
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
154
pulmonary artery
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood
155
pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
156
pulmonary veins
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
157
pulse
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
158
quadrants
The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas.
159
radial artery
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
160
radius
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
161
rectum
The lowermost end of the colon
162
red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
163
renal pelvis
A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney
164
residual volume
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
165
respiration
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
166
respiratory system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
167
reticular activating system
All of the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
168
retroperitoneal
Behind the abdominal cavity
169
sacroiliac joint
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
170
sacrum
One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
171
sagittal (lateral) plane
An imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts
172
salivary glands
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
173
scalp
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
174
scapula
The shoulder blade
175
sebaceous glands
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
176
semen
Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
177
seminal vesicles
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
178
sensory nerves
The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system
179
shock
An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell
180
shoulder girdle
The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
181
skeletal muscle
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
182
skeleton
The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designated to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
183
small intestine
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
184
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
185
somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
186
sphincters
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.
187
sphygmomanometer
A device used to measure blood pressure
188
spinal cord
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.
189
sternum
The breastbone
190
stratum corneal layer
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
191
stroke volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
192
subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
193
superficial
Close to or on the skin
194
superior
Above a body part or nearer to the head
195
superior vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
196
sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
197
symphysis
A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection
198
synovial fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
199
synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
200
systemic circulation
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
201
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. SVR is related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
202
systole
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
203
temporal regions
The lateral portions on each side of the cranium
204
tendons
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
205
testicle
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
206
thoracic cage
The chest or rib cage
207
thoracic cavity
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
208
thoracic spine
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.
209
thorax
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
210
thyroid cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple
211
tibia
The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
212
tidal volume
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
213
topographic anatomy
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
214
torso
The trunk without the head and limbs
215
trachea
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
216
transverse (axial) plane
An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts
217
triceps
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
218
tunica media
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
219
ulna
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
220
ureter
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
221
urethra
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
222
urinary bladder
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
223
urinary system
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
224
vagina
A muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal
225
vasa deferentia
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
226
ventilation
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
227
ventral
The anterior surface of the body
228
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech
229
ventricle
One of two lower chambers of the heart
230
vertebrae
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
231
voluntary muscle
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
232
V/Q ratio
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli
233
white blood cells
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
234
xiphoid process
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
235
zygomas
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
