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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Two fields of study

A

Behavioral Medicine
Health Psychology

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2
Q

Defined as the application of behavioral science to healthcare.

Involves a multidisciplinary approach, with psychologists, physicians, and health professionals collaborating to integrate behavioral factors into health treatment and prevention strategies.

A

Behavioral Medicine

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3
Q

Introduced as a specialized domain within psychology.

Focuses on studying how psychological factors can be utilized for health promotion and maintenance.

Extends to understanding how the mind can contribute to both health improvement and the etiology of diseases.

A

Health Psychology

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4
Q

Play a key role in analyzing healthcare systems and policies, aiming to enhance their effectiveness.

A

Health psychologists

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5
Q

Examples of diseases influenced by psychological and social factors.

A

Genital herpes and AIDS

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6
Q

Discussed as a direct influencer of the immune system, potentially promoting disease progression in AIDS.

A

Stress

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7
Q

Recognized as a leading preventable cause of death.

A

Smoking

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8
Q

Groundbreaking experiments with rats, which inadvertently led to the identification of the physiological problems associated with stress.

A

Hans Selye’s Observations

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9
Q

According to this theory, the body goes through three stages in response to sustained stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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10
Q

3 stages in response to sustained stress

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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11
Q

Stage which refers to the initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress

A

Alarm

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12
Q

Stage where after the initial shock of a stressful event and having a fight-or-flight response, the body begins to repair itself.

It releases a lower amount of cortisol, and your heart rate and blood pressure begin to normalize.

A

Resistance

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13
Q

Stage which is the result of prolonged or chronic stress; no longer have energy to fight stress.

A

Exhaustion

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14
Q

Responsive to cortisol.

Helps to turn off the stress
response, completing a feedback loop between the limbic system and the various parts of HPA axis.

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

Activates the adrenal gland, which secretes, the hormone cortisol.

A

Pituitary gland

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16
Q

Secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland.

A

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

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17
Q

Explains how baboons, akin to humans, establish social hierarchies.

Elaborates on the challenges faced by subordinate animals, including bullying and
limited access to resources, underlining the significance of social rank in baboon societies.

A

Baboons in Social Hierarchies (Sapolsky)

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18
Q

Study involving over 47,000 individuals across 17 countries.

Examines the intricate links between mental
disorders and chronic physical conditions.

Suggest that mental disorders significantly
increase the risk of developing physical health issues, reinforcing the connection between
psychological and physical well-being.

A

Study by Scott and Colleagues

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19
Q

Spans from excitement to stress, anxiety, and depression.

How one’s perception of control and coping capabilities can influence which emotional state is encountered.

A

Continuum of Feelings

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20
Q

A state of hopelessness and the loss of the desire to cope.

A

Depression

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21
Q

Elucidates how B cells produce antibodies, known as immunoglobulins, which serve to neutralize antigens.

A

Humoral Immune System

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22
Q

Roles of T cells, especially killer T cells, in directly combating viruses and cancer cells.

Significance of memory T cells for future immune responses and delineates the functions of T4 (helper) and suppressor T cells in immune regulation.

A

Cellular Immune System

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23
Q

A process that when immune system is
compromised, it may no longer be able to attack and eliminate antigens from the body effectively, or it may even begin to attack the body’s normal tissue instead.

A

Autoimmune disease

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24
Q

The object of study is psychological
influences on the neurological responding implicated in our immune response.

Underscores the impact of psychological influences on immune responses and reveals the molecular pathways that link stress to the onset of diseases.

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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25
Q

Mental and emotional aspects that impact health, including stress, emotions, and cognition.

A

Psychological Factors

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26
Q

A model that considers the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors on health and illness.

A

Biopsychosocial Model

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27
Q

Diseases related to hormonal imbalances, like diabetes

A

Endocrinological Disorders

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28
Q

Health issues affecting the heart and blood vessels.

A

Cardiovascular Disorders

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29
Q

Diseases impacting the immune system, such as AIDS.

A

Immune System Disorders

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30
Q

A field focused on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health.

A

Psychosomatic Medicine

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31
Q

An approach that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding diseases.

A

Biopsychosocial Approach

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32
Q

The cause or origin of a disease or condition.

A

Etiology

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33
Q

Interpersonal relationships that play a role in overall well-being.

A

Social Networks

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34
Q

Most advanced stage of HIV.

A

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME

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35
Q

An infection that attacks the body’s immune system

A

HIV

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36
Q

Methods of transmission of AIDS

A

Intravenous drug use
Sexual activity

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37
Q

2 Psychological factors that influence progression of AIDS

A

STRESS & LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT
DEPRESSION

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38
Q

May have positive effects on the immune systems of individuals who are already symptomatic

A

Cognitive-Behavioral Stress-Management

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39
Q

Disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.

Abnormal cell growth produces malignant tumors.

A

CANCER

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40
Q

6 Psychological factors that influence course & development of Cancer

A

SUPPORTIVE RELATIONSHIPS
Perceived lack of control
Inadequate coping responses
Overwhelmingly stressful life event
Use of inappropriate coping responses
CANCER ON CHILDREN

41
Q

Study of psychosocial factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer

A

PSYCHONCOLOGY

42
Q

May prolong life, alleviate symptoms, and reduce depression and pain.

A

Psychosocial treatments

43
Q

A disease of the heart or blood vessels.

Blood clot build-up of fatty deposits inside
an artery, leading to the artery hardening and narrowing.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS

44
Q

2 CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS

A

STROKE (CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS)
HYPERTENSION

45
Q

Blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain

A

STROKE (CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS)

46
Q

Constriction of blood vessels at organs and extremities puts extra pressure on the heart, which eventually weakens.

When the pressure in your blood vessels is too high (140/90 mmHg or higher)

A

HYPERTENSION (high blood pressure)

47
Q

No specific verifiable physical cause (close to 90% of cases).

Runs in families and likely is subject to marked genetic influences

A

Essential Hypertension

48
Q

Major contributor to essential hypertension

A

Stress

49
Q

5 Psychological factors that influence Hypertension

A

SOCIAL SUPPORT
LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, and FEELINGS OF UNCONTROLLABILITY
“WARM TOUCH”
HUGGING
HOSTILITY & SENSE OF TIME URGENCY/IMPATIENCE

50
Q

3 Psychological factors that contribute to cardiovascular problem

A

LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, and FEELINGS OF UNCONTROLLABILITY

51
Q

A way of communicating love and support significantly decreased blood pressure

A

“WARM TOUCH”

52
Q

Has a stress-buffering effect and can prevent the outbreak of the symptoms of a viral infection and reduce the severity of the symptoms

A

HUGGING

53
Q

2 psychological factors, each of which almost doubles the risk of hypertension

A

HOSTILITY & SENSE OF TIME URGENCY/IMPATIENCE

54
Q

A type of hearts disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)

A

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

55
Q

Chest pain resulting from partial obstruction of the arteries

A

ANGINA / ANGINA PECTORIS

56
Q

Occurs when a fatty substance or plaque builds up inside the arteries and causes an obstruction.

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

57
Q

Deficiency of blood to a body part caused by the narrowing of the arteries by too much plaque

A

ISCHEMIA

58
Q

Death of heart tissue when a specific artery becomes clogged with plaque.

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION or HEART ATTACK

59
Q

6 Psychological factors that influence CHD

A

● STRESS
● ANXIETY
● ANGER
● POOR COPING SKILLS
● LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT
● SEVERE STRESS

60
Q

Can lead on rare occasions to MYOCARDIAL STUNNING

A

Severe stress

61
Q

Basically heart failure

A

MYOCARDIAL STUNNING

62
Q
  • Excessive competitive drive
  • a sense of always being pressured for time,
    impatience
  • incredible amounts of energy that may show
    up in accelerated speech and motor activity,
    and angry outbursts
  • more than twice as likely to develop CHD
A

Type A behavior pattern

63
Q
  • more relaxed
  • less concerned about deadlines
  • seldom feels the pressure or, perhaps, the
    excitement of challenges or overriding ambition.
A

Type B behavior pattern

64
Q

CHRONIC NEGATIVE EMOTIONS

A

Anger
Severe depression

65
Q

Impaired the pumping efficiency of the heart, putting these individuals at risk for dangerous disturbances in heart rhythm (arrhythmias)

A

Anger

66
Q

Major depressive episodes, is particularly implicated in cardiovascular damage.

A

SEVERE DEPRESSION

67
Q

Social inhibition and heightened negative emotions

A

Type D personality

68
Q

Long standing pain that persists beyond the usual recovery period or occurs along
with a chronic health condition, such as arthritis.

May be “on” and “off” or continuous.

Typically involves joints, muscles, and tendons, particularly in the lower back; may result from enlarged blood vessels, tissue degeneration, or cancerous tumors.

A

CHRONIC PAIN

69
Q

A serious long-term illness that affects many body systems.

Formerly NEURASTHENIA, literally “lack of nerve strength”

A

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

70
Q

2 KINDS OF CLINICAL PAIN

A

ACUTE PAIN
CHRONIC PAIN

71
Q

Typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated, often within a month.

A

ACUTE PAIN

72
Q

May begin with an acute episode but
does not decrease over time, even when
the injury has healed or effect

A

CHRONIC PAIN

73
Q

Include changing the way one sits or walks, continually complaining about pain to others,
grimacing, and, most important, avoiding various activities, particularly those involving work or leisure.

A

PAIN BEHAVIOR

74
Q

Emotional component of pain.

Sometimes accompanies pain and sometimes does not.

A

Suffering

75
Q

4 Psychological and Social Aspects of Pain

A

GENERAL SENSE OF CONTROL OVER SITUATION
PRE-EXISTING ANXIETY & PERSONALITY PROBLEMS
PHANTOM LIMB PAIN
OPERANT CONTROL

76
Q

Whether or not he or she can deal with the pain and its consequences in an effective and
meaningful way

A

GENERAL SENSE OF CONTROL OVER SITUATION

77
Q

Individuals who lost a limb feel excruciating pain in the limb that is no longer there.

A

PHANTOM LIMB PAIN

78
Q

For example, family members who were formerly critical and demanding may become caring and sympathetic.

A

OPERANT CONTROL

79
Q

Nerve impulses from painful stimuli make their way to the spinal column and from there to the brain.

DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN acts as a “gate” and may open and transmit sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense.

A

GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN

80
Q

Acts as a “gate” and may open and transmit
sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense.

A

DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN

81
Q

Act much like neurotransmitters.

A

Endorphins or Enkephalins

82
Q

The female neurochemistry may be based on this system that may have evolved to cope with the pain associated with reproductive activity

A

ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT neuronal system

83
Q

Leads to lack of stamina, weakness, and increased feelings of depression and helplessness that in turn result in episodic bursts of long activity followed by further fatigue

A

CHRONIC INACTIVITY

84
Q

That encourages patients to slowly increase and maintain their physical activities (such as aerobic exercise and housework) without leading to exertion has sustained benefits on CFS symptoms.

A

Behavioral Intervention

85
Q

Includes procedures to increase activity, regulate periods of rest, and direct cognitive therapy.

This treatment also includes relaxation, breathing exercises, and general stress-reduction
procedures.

A

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment

86
Q

Process of making patients aware of specific physiological functions that, ordinarily, they would not notice consciously (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, electroencephalogram rhythms (brain waves), and patterns of blood flow)

A

Biofeedback

87
Q

People purposely tense different muscle groups in a sequentialfashion followed by relaxing each specific muscle group

A

Progressive muscle relaxation

88
Q

A person silently repeats a mantra (focusing attention solely on a repeated syllable) to minimize distraction by closing the mind to intruding thoughts.

A

Relaxation response (Meditation)

89
Q

Appears to be effective for a range of problems, including stress, and
especially anxiety and depression

A

Mindfulness meditation

90
Q

Are an important part of stress, and clients learn how they exaggerate the negative impact of events in their day-to-day lives.

A

Appraisals and attitudes

91
Q

Individuals practice a variety of stress-management procedures presented to them in a workbook.

A

Stress-management program

92
Q

Patients are taught to prioritize their activities and pay less attention to nonessential demands.

A

Time-management training

93
Q

They learn to stand up for themselves in an appropriate way.

Clients also learn other procedures for managing everyday problems

A

Assertiveness training

94
Q

Reliance on analgesics medication for pain (e.g. headaches) lessens the efficacy of comprehensive programs in treating headache and make it more worse

A

Drugs and Stress-Reduction Programs

95
Q

Confronting and working through our feelings, after stressful or traumatic events is important than denial.

Beginning with Sigmund Freud, mental health professionals have recognized the importance of reliving or processing intense emotional experiences to put them behind us and to develop better coping responses.

A

Denial as a Means of Coping

96
Q

Very strong program focused on inner-city AfricanAmerican adolescent females that is consisted of four 1-hour group sessions

A

SiHLE (Sistas Informing, Healing, Living, Empowering)

97
Q

In children, prevention focuses on: (4)

A

● escaping fires
● crossing streets
● using car seats, seat belts, and bicycle helmets
● first aid

98
Q

One of the best-known and most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for disease in the
community.

Measured the effectiveness of media campaigns and community-wide health education plus a specific high risk intervention on cardiovascular risk factor levels.

Investigators studied three entire communities in central California that were reasonably alike in size and type of residents between 1972 and 1975.

A

Stanford Three Community Study

Abnormal Psychology (23 decks)

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