Chapter 9 Flashcards by Fritzy Gletch Berdin

Two fields of study

Behavioral Medicine
Health Psychology

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Defined as the application of behavioral science to healthcare.

Involves a multidisciplinary approach, with psychologists, physicians, and health professionals collaborating to integrate behavioral factors into health treatment and prevention strategies.

Behavioral Medicine

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Introduced as a specialized domain within psychology.

Focuses on studying how psychological factors can be utilized for health promotion and maintenance.

Extends to understanding how the mind can contribute to both health improvement and the etiology of diseases.

Health Psychology

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Play a key role in analyzing healthcare systems and policies, aiming to enhance their effectiveness.

Health psychologists

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Examples of diseases influenced by psychological and social factors.

Genital herpes and AIDS

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Discussed as a direct influencer of the immune system, potentially promoting disease progression in AIDS.

Stress

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Recognized as a leading preventable cause of death.

Smoking

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Groundbreaking experiments with rats, which inadvertently led to the identification of the physiological problems associated with stress.

Hans Selye’s Observations

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According to this theory, the body goes through three stages in response to sustained stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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3 stages in response to sustained stress

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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Stage which refers to the initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress

Alarm

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Stage where after the initial shock of a stressful event and having a fight-or-flight response, the body begins to repair itself.

It releases a lower amount of cortisol, and your heart rate and blood pressure begin to normalize.

Resistance

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Stage which is the result of prolonged or chronic stress; no longer have energy to fight stress.

Exhaustion

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Responsive to cortisol.

Helps to turn off the stress
response, completing a feedback loop between the limbic system and the various parts of HPA axis.

Hippocampus

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Activates the adrenal gland, which secretes, the hormone cortisol.

Pituitary gland

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Secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland.

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

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Explains how baboons, akin to humans, establish social hierarchies.

Elaborates on the challenges faced by subordinate animals, including bullying and
limited access to resources, underlining the significance of social rank in baboon societies.

Baboons in Social Hierarchies (Sapolsky)

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Study involving over 47,000 individuals across 17 countries.

Examines the intricate links between mental
disorders and chronic physical conditions.

Suggest that mental disorders significantly
increase the risk of developing physical health issues, reinforcing the connection between
psychological and physical well-being.

Study by Scott and Colleagues

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Spans from excitement to stress, anxiety, and depression.

How one’s perception of control and coping capabilities can influence which emotional state is encountered.

Continuum of Feelings

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A state of hopelessness and the loss of the desire to cope.

Depression

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Elucidates how B cells produce antibodies, known as immunoglobulins, which serve to neutralize antigens.

Humoral Immune System

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Roles of T cells, especially killer T cells, in directly combating viruses and cancer cells.

Significance of memory T cells for future immune responses and delineates the functions of T4 (helper) and suppressor T cells in immune regulation.

Cellular Immune System

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A process that when immune system is
compromised, it may no longer be able to attack and eliminate antigens from the body effectively, or it may even begin to attack the body’s normal tissue instead.

Autoimmune disease

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The object of study is psychological
influences on the neurological responding implicated in our immune response.

Underscores the impact of psychological influences on immune responses and reveals the molecular pathways that link stress to the onset of diseases.

Psychoneuroimmunology

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Mental and emotional aspects that impact health, including stress, emotions, and cognition.

Psychological Factors

A model that considers the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors on health and illness.

Biopsychosocial Model

Diseases related to hormonal imbalances, like diabetes

Endocrinological Disorders

Health issues affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular Disorders

Diseases impacting the immune system, such as AIDS.

Immune System Disorders

A field focused on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health.

Psychosomatic Medicine

An approach that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding diseases.

Biopsychosocial Approach

The cause or origin of a disease or condition.

Etiology

Interpersonal relationships that play a role in overall well-being.

Social Networks

Most advanced stage of HIV.

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME

An infection that attacks the body’s immune system

HIV

Methods of transmission of AIDS

Intravenous drug use Sexual activity

2 Psychological factors that influence progression of AIDS

STRESS & LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT DEPRESSION

May have positive effects on the immune systems of individuals who are already symptomatic

Cognitive-Behavioral Stress-Management

Disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Abnormal cell growth produces malignant tumors.

CANCER

6 Psychological factors that influence course & development of Cancer

SUPPORTIVE RELATIONSHIPS Perceived lack of control Inadequate coping responses Overwhelmingly stressful life event Use of inappropriate coping responses CANCER ON CHILDREN

Study of psychosocial factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer

PSYCHONCOLOGY

May prolong life, alleviate symptoms, and reduce depression and pain.

Psychosocial treatments

A disease of the heart or blood vessels. Blood clot build-up of fatty deposits inside an artery, leading to the artery hardening and narrowing.

CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS

2 CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS

STROKE (CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS) HYPERTENSION

Blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain

STROKE (CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENTS)

Constriction of blood vessels at organs and extremities puts extra pressure on the heart, which eventually weakens. When the pressure in your blood vessels is too high (140/90 mmHg or higher)

HYPERTENSION (high blood pressure)

No specific verifiable physical cause (close to 90% of cases). Runs in families and likely is subject to marked genetic influences

Essential Hypertension

Major contributor to essential hypertension

Stress

5 Psychological factors that influence Hypertension

SOCIAL SUPPORT LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, and FEELINGS OF UNCONTROLLABILITY “WARM TOUCH” HUGGING HOSTILITY & SENSE OF TIME URGENCY/IMPATIENCE

3 Psychological factors that contribute to cardiovascular problem

LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, and FEELINGS OF UNCONTROLLABILITY

A way of communicating love and support significantly decreased blood pressure

“WARM TOUCH”

Has a stress-buffering effect and can prevent the outbreak of the symptoms of a viral infection and reduce the severity of the symptoms

HUGGING

2 psychological factors, each of which almost doubles the risk of hypertension

HOSTILITY & SENSE OF TIME URGENCY/IMPATIENCE

A type of hearts disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Chest pain resulting from partial obstruction of the arteries

ANGINA / ANGINA PECTORIS

Occurs when a fatty substance or plaque builds up inside the arteries and causes an obstruction.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Deficiency of blood to a body part caused by the narrowing of the arteries by too much plaque

ISCHEMIA

Death of heart tissue when a specific artery becomes clogged with plaque.

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION or HEART ATTACK

6 Psychological factors that influence CHD

● STRESS ● ANXIETY ● ANGER ● POOR COPING SKILLS ● LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT ● SEVERE STRESS

Can lead on rare occasions to MYOCARDIAL STUNNING

Severe stress

Basically heart failure

MYOCARDIAL STUNNING

- Excessive competitive drive - a sense of always being pressured for time, impatience - incredible amounts of energy that may show up in accelerated speech and motor activity, and angry outbursts - more than twice as likely to develop CHD

Type A behavior pattern

- more relaxed - less concerned about deadlines - seldom feels the pressure or, perhaps, the excitement of challenges or overriding ambition.

Type B behavior pattern

CHRONIC NEGATIVE EMOTIONS

Anger Severe depression

Impaired the pumping efficiency of the heart, putting these individuals at risk for dangerous disturbances in heart rhythm (arrhythmias)

Anger

Major depressive episodes, is particularly implicated in cardiovascular damage.

SEVERE DEPRESSION

Social inhibition and heightened negative emotions

Type D personality

Long standing pain that persists beyond the usual recovery period or occurs along with a chronic health condition, such as arthritis. May be “on” and “off” or continuous. Typically involves joints, muscles, and tendons, particularly in the lower back; may result from enlarged blood vessels, tissue degeneration, or cancerous tumors.

CHRONIC PAIN

A serious long-term illness that affects many body systems. Formerly NEURASTHENIA, literally “lack of nerve strength”

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

2 KINDS OF CLINICAL PAIN

ACUTE PAIN CHRONIC PAIN

Typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated, often within a month.

ACUTE PAIN

May begin with an acute episode but does not decrease over time, even when the injury has healed or effect

CHRONIC PAIN

Include changing the way one sits or walks, continually complaining about pain to others, grimacing, and, most important, avoiding various activities, particularly those involving work or leisure.

PAIN BEHAVIOR

Emotional component of pain. Sometimes accompanies pain and sometimes does not.

Suffering

4 Psychological and Social Aspects of Pain

GENERAL SENSE OF CONTROL OVER SITUATION PRE-EXISTING ANXIETY & PERSONALITY PROBLEMS PHANTOM LIMB PAIN OPERANT CONTROL

Whether or not he or she can deal with the pain and its consequences in an effective and meaningful way

GENERAL SENSE OF CONTROL OVER SITUATION

Individuals who lost a limb feel excruciating pain in the limb that is no longer there.

PHANTOM LIMB PAIN

For example, family members who were formerly critical and demanding may become caring and sympathetic.

OPERANT CONTROL

Nerve impulses from painful stimuli make their way to the spinal column and from there to the brain. DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN acts as a “gate” and may open and transmit sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense.

GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN

Acts as a “gate” and may open and transmit sensations of pain if the stimulation is sufficiently intense.

DORSAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN

Act much like neurotransmitters.

Endorphins or Enkephalins

The female neurochemistry may be based on this system that may have evolved to cope with the pain associated with reproductive activity

ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT neuronal system

Leads to lack of stamina, weakness, and increased feelings of depression and helplessness that in turn result in episodic bursts of long activity followed by further fatigue

CHRONIC INACTIVITY

That encourages patients to slowly increase and maintain their physical activities (such as aerobic exercise and housework) without leading to exertion has sustained benefits on CFS symptoms.

Behavioral Intervention

Includes procedures to increase activity, regulate periods of rest, and direct cognitive therapy. This treatment also includes relaxation, breathing exercises, and general stress-reduction procedures.

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment

Process of making patients aware of specific physiological functions that, ordinarily, they would not notice consciously (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, electroencephalogram rhythms (brain waves), and patterns of blood flow)

Biofeedback

People purposely tense different muscle groups in a sequentialfashion followed by relaxing each specific muscle group

Progressive muscle relaxation

A person silently repeats a mantra (focusing attention solely on a repeated syllable) to minimize distraction by closing the mind to intruding thoughts.

Relaxation response (Meditation)

Appears to be effective for a range of problems, including stress, and especially anxiety and depression

Mindfulness meditation

Are an important part of stress, and clients learn how they exaggerate the negative impact of events in their day-to-day lives.

Appraisals and attitudes

Individuals practice a variety of stress-management procedures presented to them in a workbook.

Stress-management program

Patients are taught to prioritize their activities and pay less attention to nonessential demands.

Time-management training

They learn to stand up for themselves in an appropriate way. Clients also learn other procedures for managing everyday problems

Assertiveness training

Reliance on analgesics medication for pain (e.g. headaches) lessens the efficacy of comprehensive programs in treating headache and make it more worse

Drugs and Stress-Reduction Programs

Confronting and working through our feelings, after stressful or traumatic events is important than denial. Beginning with Sigmund Freud, mental health professionals have recognized the importance of reliving or processing intense emotional experiences to put them behind us and to develop better coping responses.

Denial as a Means of Coping

Very strong program focused on inner-city AfricanAmerican adolescent females that is consisted of four 1-hour group sessions

SiHLE (Sistas Informing, Healing, Living, Empowering)

In children, prevention focuses on: (4)

● escaping fires ● crossing streets ● using car seats, seat belts, and bicycle helmets ● first aid

One of the best-known and most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for disease in the community. Measured the effectiveness of media campaigns and community-wide health education plus a specific high risk intervention on cardiovascular risk factor levels. Investigators studied three entire communities in central California that were reasonably alike in size and type of residents between 1972 and 1975.

Stanford Three Community Study