Chapter 8 Flashcards
Characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning.
Feeding and eating disorders
Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of 1 month.
Pica
Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.
Rumination disorder
Main diagnostic feature is avoidance or restriction of food intake that is associated with one or more of the following consequences:
significant weight loss, significant nutritional deficiency (or related health impact), dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements, or marked interference with psychosocial functioning (Criterion A).
Avoidant/restrictive Food Intake
Disorder
Individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health (Criterion A); three essential features are persistent energy intake restriction; intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or
persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain; and a disturbance in self perceived weight or shape.
Anorexia Nervosa
Individuals that binge eat also purge through self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas; subtype of anorexia nervosa.
binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa
There are three essential features of this disorder: recurrent episodes of binge eating (Criterion A), recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (Criterion B), and self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight (Criterion D).
Bulimia Nervosa
Defined as eating, in a discrete period of
time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances (Criterion A1)
Episode of binge eating
Refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours.
discrete period of time
4 Purging Techniques
Self-induced vomiting
Misuse of laxatives and diuretics
Misuse of enemas
May fast a day or more or exercise
excessively in an attempt to prevent
weight gain.
Type of purging behavior, is the most common inappropriate compensatory behavior.
Self-induced vomiting
Purging technique to help you empty your bowels
Misuse of laxatives and diuretics
Purging technique by injections of fluids
used to cleanse or stimulate the emptying
of your bowel.
Misuse of enemas
Recurrent episodes of bunge-eating; Essential feature of this disorder is recurrent episodes of binge eating that must occur, on average, at least once per week for 3 months
(Criterion D).
Binge-Eating Disorder
Drug treatment for Pica (option only, not treatment)
Zyprexa
Drug treatment for Rumination Disorder
Baclofen
Drug treatment for Bulimia nervosa
fluoxetine (Prozac) - antidepressant
Drug treatment for Binge-eating disorder
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
(Vyvanse),
Topiramate (Topamax)
Antidepressants
Psychological Treatments for eating disorders
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
● Family-based therapy
● Individual therapy
● Interpersonal psychotherapy
Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that
presents a risk to health.
Obesity
2 forms of Maladaptive Patterns in People
with Obesity
Binge-eating
Night eating syndrome
Consumption of large quantities of food in a short period of time
Binge-eating
Causes people to wake up and eat several times a night in order to fall back to sleep.
Night eating syndrome
Treatments for obesity (5)
- Self weight-loss program.
- Commercial self-help programs.
- Professionally directed behavior modification
programs. - Very-low-calorie diets and possibly drugs.
- Bariatric Surgery.
All involve the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces and are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. This group of disorders includes enuresis, the repeated voiding of urine into inappropriate places, and encopresis, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places.
Elimination disorders
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether involuntary or intentional.
Enuresis
Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (e.g., clothing, floor), whether involuntary or intentional.
Encopresis
2 categories of Sleep–Wake Disorders
Dyssomnias
Parasomnias
Essential feature of this disorder is dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality with complaints of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep; sleep complaints are accompanied by clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Insomnia Disorder
3 Different manifestations of insomnia
Sleep-onset insomnia
Sleep-maintenance insomnia (or
middle insomnia)
Late insomnia
Difficulty initiating sleep at
bedtime.
Sleep-onset insomnia (or initial
insomnia
Prequent or prolonged
awakenings throughout the night.
Sleep-maintenance insomnia (or
middle insomnia)
Early-morning awakening
with an inability to return to sleep.
Late insomnia
Self-reported excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period, lasting at least 7 hours with at least 1 of the 3 symptoms.
Hypersomnolence Disorder
Recurrent episodes of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping occurring within the same day
Narcolepsy
A condition that brings on brief bouts
of muscle weakness or paralysis.
Cataplexy
Neuropeptide hormone produced in the
hypothalamus that exerts important influences over sleep, arousal, appetite and energy expenditure.
Hypocretin
The breathing-related sleep disorders category encompasses three relatively distinct disorders:
● Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
● Central sleep apnea
● Sleep-related hypoventilation
Refers to the total absence of airflow
Apnea
Refers to a reduction in airflow.
Hypopnea
Evidence by polysomnography of at least 5 obstructive apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep and either of the said symptoms.
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
2 subtypes of central sleep apnea
Idiopathic central sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes
breathing
Subtype of central sleep characterized by increased gain of the ventilatory control system, also referred to as high loop gain
Central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes
breathing
Characterized by a pattern of periodic crescendo-decrescendo variation in tidal volume that results in central apneas and hypopneas occurring at a frequency of at least five events per hour
Cheyne-stokes breathing
Polysomnograpy demonstrates episodes of decreased respiration associated with elevated CO2 levels.
Sleep-related hypoventilation
A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by an individual’s physical environment or social or professional schedule.
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
5 Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
Delayed sleep phase type
Advanced sleep phase type
Irregular sleep-wake type
Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
Shift work type
Delay in the timing of desired sleep and wake-up time
Delayed sleep phase type
Advance in the timing of desired sleep and
wake-up time
Advanced sleep phase type
No major sleep period; sleep and wake periods across 24hrs are fragmented
Irregular sleep-wake type
Periods of insomnia, excessive sleepiness,
or both, which alternate with short
asymptomatic periods; Not synchronized to 24-hour environment
Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
History of the individual working outside of the normal 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. daytime window (particularly at night) on a regularly scheduled (i.e., non-overtime) basis; Symptoms of excessive sleepiness at work, and impaired sleep at home, on a persistent basis are prominent.
Shift work type
Disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral, experiential, or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions.
Parasomnias
Parasomnias
● Disorder of Arousal
● Nightmare Disorder
● Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
● Restless Legs Syndrome
● Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder
Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either sleepwalking or sleep terrors.
Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorder
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including rising from bed and walking about.
Sleepwalking
The repeated occurrence of precipitous awakenings from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream or cry
Sleep terrors
Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode.
Nightmare disorder
Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by or in response to uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs
Restless leg syndrome
A prominent and severe disturbance in sleep;
There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both (1) and (2):
- The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to or withdrawal from a medication.
- The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A.
Substance-medication induced sleep disorder
