Chapter 1 (Barlow) Flashcards by Fritzy Gletch Berdin

Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Psychological Disorder

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Refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Psychological Dysfunction

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Scientific study of psychological disorders.

Psychopathology

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Mental health professionals who take
a scientific approach to their clinical work

Scientist-practitioners

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Patient “presents” with a specic problem or set of problems

Presenting problem

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Represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

Clinical description

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Traditional shorthand way of
indicating why the person came to the clinic.

Presents

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3 types of statistical data

Prevalence
Incidence
Sex ratio

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How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder

Prevalence

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How many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year

Incidence

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What percentage of males and females have the disorder—and the typical age of onset, which oen diers from one disorder to another.

Sex ratio

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Individual pattern that most disorders follow

Course

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3 types of course

Chronic
Episodic
Time-limited

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Disorder tend to last a long time,
sometimes a lifetime.

Chronic course

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Individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

Episodic course

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Disorder will improve without
treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Time-limited course

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2 types of onset

Acute
Insidious

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Disorder begins suddenly

Acute onset

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Disorder develop gradually over an extended period

Insidious onset

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Anticipated course of a disorder

Prognosis

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Study of changes in behaviour over time

Developmental psychology

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Study of changes in abnormal behavior

Developmental psychopathology

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Study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span

Life-span developmental psychopathology

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Study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins

Etiology

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Humans have always supposed that agents outside our bodies and environment influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions; might be divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields or the moon or the stars

Supernatural model

Views psychological disorder as being possessed by a spirit

Demonological model

Individual is extremely upset and cannot function properly.

Distress or Impairment

Deviates from the average or the norm of the culture.

Atypical or Not Culturally Expected

Psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Phobia

Another term for psychological disorder.

Problematic abnormal behavior

Related concept that is also useful is to determine whether the behavior is out of the individual’s control

Harmful dysfunction

Being hysterical, too emotional, exaggerated, and has extreme emotions; treated as being possessed

Hysteria

Contagious manifestations; practiced continuously; persecutory delusions

Shared psychosis

Phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

Mass hysteria

If one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source.

Mob psychology

Speculated that the gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a possible cause of mental disorders

Paracelsus

Considered to be the father of modern Western medicine.

Hippocrates

Founder of modern psychiatry; used compassion and pioneering approach in treating mental illness in Europe during the time of witchcraft

Johann Weyer

4 humors of Hippocrates

Blood (Sanguine) Yellow Bile (Choleric) Black Bile (Melancholic) Phlegm (Phlegmatic)

Humor of very positive people.

Blood/Sanguine

Humor of short-tempered people

Yellow bile/choleric

Humor of introspective and sentimental people; possible to commit suicide

Black bile/Melancholic

Humor of calm and unemotional people

Phlegm/Phlegmatic

Process where a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.

Bleeding/Bloodletting

Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you

Advanced syphilis

Psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucinations), or both

Psychosis

Procedure where they’ll be using increasingly higher dosages until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose

Insulin shock therapy

Drug that diminished hallucinatory and delusional thought processes in some patients; controlled agitation and aggressiveness.

Neuroleptics

Drug that seemed to reduce anxiety.

Benzodiazepines

First major approach in psychology; elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining behavior

Psychoanalysis

2nd major approach in psychology which focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology

Behaviourism

Recalling and reliving emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension.

Catharsis

Most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities.

Psychoanalytic model

Unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.

Defense mechanisms

Underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow

Self-actualizing

Approach where the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible.

Person-centered therapy

Complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions, is critical to the humanistic approach.

Unconditional positive regard

Subjects simply reported on their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli, but the results of this “armchair” psychology were inconsistent and discouraging to many experimental psychologists

Introspection

Process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors.

Shaping

Champion of the biological tradition in the United States

John P. Grey

Focus not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural ones.

Psychosocial treatment

Strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders which included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction, thus providing them with many opportunities for appropriate social and interpersonal contact.

Moral therapy

Relationship between current emotions and earlier events

Insight

Strong fears develop that the father may punish that lust by removing the son’s penis

Castration anxiety

Individual slowly accumulates adaptational capacities, skill in reality testing, and defenses.

Ego psychology

Theory of the formation of self concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health, or conversely, to develop neurosis.

Self-psychology

Wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation.

Collective unconscious

Patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring.

Free association

Therapist interprets the content of dreams, supposedly rejecting the primary-process thinking of the id, and systematically relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts.

Dream analysis

Patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents.

Transference

Therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient.

Countertransference

Efforts are made to identify trauma and active defense mechanisms, therapists use an eclectic mixture of tactics, with a social and interpersonal focus.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Sympathetic understanding of the individual’s particular view of the world.

Empathy

Type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.

Classical conditioning

Strength of the response to similar objects or people is usually a function of how similar these objects or people are.

Stimulus generalization

Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish; that is, they could test reality and see that nothing bad happened in the presence of the phobic object or scene

Systematic desensitization

Type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior.

Operant conditioning

States that behavior is either strengthened (likely to be repeated more frequently) or weakened (likely to occur less frequently) depending on the consequences of that behavior.

Law of effect