Chapter 5 (BAL) Flashcards
Anticipation of future threat.
Anxiety
Immediate alarm reaction to current/ real threat.
Fear
Sudden overwhelming reactions accompanied with physical symptoms.
Panic
System often associated with anxiety, where BIS (behavioral inhibition system) is involved.
Limbic system
Tendency to fear bodily sensations.
Anxiety Sensitivity
How much distress a person can tolerate.
Distress Tolerance
Inability to feel pressure.
Anhedonia
Response to a typically feared object or situation.
Expected (panic)
Occurs for no apparent reasons.
Unexpected (panic)
Places or situations where the panic attack occurred.
External (cue)
Increase in heart rate, or respiration.
Internal (cue)
Cooccurrence of two or more disorder.
Comorbidity
How many percent of patients with panic disorders, who did not have accompanying depression were at risk for suicide?
20%
Characterized by excessive and persistent worry and find it difficult to control the worry.
Anxiety disorder (clinical description)
Individuals with certain personality traits, such as being highly sensitive or perfectionistic, may be more prone to GAD.
Temperamental (anxiety disorder)
Childhood adversities and parenting practices.
Environmental (anxiety disorder)
Can run in families, suggesting a genetic
predisposition.
Genetic and Physiological (anxiety disorder)
Most prescribed drug for anxiety disorder; give short term effect and carry some risk; an be prescribed but
for no more than a week or two.
Benzodiazepines
A person experiences an unexpected panic attack and develops substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack or about the implications of the attack or its consequences
Panic disorder
Negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, and harm avoidance.
Temperamental (panic disorder)
Report identifiable stressors in the months before first panic attack; history of trauma,
stressful life experience and childhood adversities; parental overprotection and low emotional warmth; few economic resources and smoking.
Environmental (panic disorder)
There is an increased risk for panic disorder among offspring of parents with anxiety, depressive, and bipolar disorders.
Genetic and Physiological (panic disorder)
Medication for panic disorder
Benzodiazepines
SSRIs (Prozac and Paxil)
SNRIs (Venlafaxine).
Psychological Intervention for panic disorder.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Panic Control Treatment (PCT)
Marked fear or anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to a wide range of situations.
Agoraphobia
The course of agoraphobia is typically?
Persistent and chronic
Agoraphobia usually starts in the?
Late teen or early adult years — usually
before age 35.
Behavioral inhibition, negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, and trait anxiety.
Temperamental (agoraphobia)
Negative events in childhood and other stressful events.
Environmental (agoraphobia)
Family history
Genetic and Physiological (agoraphobia)
Medication for agoraphobia.
Certain antidepressants called SSRIs such as:
fluoxetine (Prozac)
sertraline (Zoloft)
An irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.
Specific Phobia
Four Major Subtypes of Specific Phobia.
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia
Situational Phobia
Natural Environment Phobia
Animal Phobia
The course of specific phobia is usually?
Chronic
Negative affectivity or behavioral inhibition.
Temperamental (Specific Phobia)
Parental overprotectiveness, parental loss and separation, and physical and sexual
abuse.
Environmental (Specific Phobia)
There may be a genetic susceptibility to a certain category of specific phobia.
Genetic and Physiological (Specific Phobia)
Psychological Intervention for Specific Phobia.
Exposure therapy
An irrational and extreme fear of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others; usually begins during adolescence, with a peak age of onset around 13 years.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder.
Cognitive therapy program
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
Family-based treatment
Drug Treatments
A rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech that occurs in social interactions with children or adults; children with this disorder will speak to their immediate family but often not in front of
their second-degree relatives.
Selective Mutism
The disturbance of Selective Mutism is most often marked by?
High social anxiety.
Treatment for Selective Mutism.
Intensive group treatment (behavioral interventions)
The most prominent clinical characteristics of trauma- and stressor-related disorders are?
Anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms
Externalizing angry and aggressive symptoms
Dissociative symptoms.
Exposure to a traumatic event during which an individual experience or witness’s death or
threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation through different exposures stated in the criterion.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one were an outside observer of, one’s mental processes or body (e.g., feeling as though one were in a dream; feeling a sense of unreality of self or body or of time moving slowly).
Depersonalization
Persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings (e.g., the world around the individual is experienced as unreal, dreamlike, distant, or
distorted).
Derealization
Exposed personally, learning, witnessing the traumatic event, and developing a
disorder.
Precipitating event ( Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
Anxious or depressive reactions to life stress are generally milder than acute stress disorder.
Adjustment disorder
Rates of adjustment disorder may be higher in?
Women
Persistent inability to experience positive emotions.
Negative mood
An altered sense of the reality of one’s surroundings or oneself
Dissociative symptoms
The disorder has been present for more than 12 months.
Persistent
Treatment for adjustment disorder.
Talk therapy /psychotherapy
Individual, Family, or group therapy
Relieving emotional trauma to relieve
emotional suffering.
Catharsis
An intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reaction that lasts from 3 days to 1 month following exposure to one or more traumatic events.
Acute Stress Disorder
Prior mental disorder, negative affectivity or neuroticism, avoidant coping style.
Temperamental (Acute Stress Disorder)
History of prior trauma.
Environmental (Acute Stress Disorder)
Treatment for acute stress disorder.
Psychotherapy
Elevated reactivity prior to trauma exposure increases the risk of developing acute stress disorder.
Genetic and physiological (Acute Stress Disorder)
Treatment for Acute Distress Disorder.
Psychotherapy
Characterized by a pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behavior, in which a child rarely or minimally turns preferentially to an attachment figure for comfort, support, protection, and nurturance.
REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER
Prevalence of REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER.
Uncommon, usually occurring in less than 10% of neglected children
Course of REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER
Manifests between the ages of 9 months and 5 years.
Treatment for REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER.
Psychotherapy
Family therapy
Social skills intervention
A pattern of behavior that involves culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with relative strangers.
DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER
Prevalence of DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER.
Unknown, the disorder appears to be rare, occurring in a minority of children
Course of DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER.
Start from 2 years old through adolescence among children raised in institutional
settings.
Blunted reward sensitivity and decreased inhibitory control
Temperamental (DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER)
Quality of the caregiving environment following serious neglect
- Biologically Borderline personality in the mother
- Aberrant caregiving behaviors and low quality of care
Environmental (DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER)
Therapy for DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Play therapy
Expressive arts therapy
Parent-child Interaction therapy
Represents a prolonged maladaptive grief reaction that can be diagnosed only after at least 12 months (6 months in children and adolescents) have elapsed since the death of someone with whom the bereaved had a
close relationship.
PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER
Course of PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER
Symptoms usually begin within the initial months after death but there may be delay before the fully syndrome appears.
Prevalence of PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER
Unknown
Risk is heightened by increased dependency on the deceased prior to the death
Higher prevalence following the death of spouse/partner or child.
Environmental (PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER)
Treatment for PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
The patient has distressing obsessions or compulsions (or both) that occupy so much time they interfere with accustomed routines.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Prevalence of OCD.
2% of the population is estimated to have the disorder.
Course of OCD.
Chronic
Onset of OCD
Ranges from childhood through the 30s, with a median age of onset of 19.
Main treatment for OCD.
Exposure and Ritual Prevention (ERP)
Involves preventing rituals and systematically exposing patients to their feared thoughts or situations, often proving as effective as, if not
better than, medication alone or in combination with ERP.
Exposure and Ritual Prevention (ERP)
A curious affliction when normal-looking people think they are so ugly they refuse to interact with others or otherwise function normally for fear that people will laugh at their ugliness
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
From early adolescence through the 20s, peaking at the age of 16-17.
Onset
Treatment for BDD.
Dermatology
Plastic Surgery
3 major characteristics of this problem are:
1. excessive acquisition of things,
2. difficulty discarding anything,
3. living with excessive clutter under conditions best characterized as gross disorganization
Hoarding disorder
The urge to pull out one’s own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arms; results in noticeable hair loss, distress, and significant social impairments.
TRICHOTILLOMANIA (Hair Pulling Disorder)
Characterized by repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage; patient frequently tries to stop the repeated digging, scratching, or picking at skin, which has caused lesions.
EXCORIATION (Skin Picking Disorder)
