Chapter 11 (Barlow) Flashcards
Associated with the abuse of drugs and other substances people take to alter the way they think, feel, and behave.
substance-related and addictive disorders
Represent a number of related problems that involve the inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation.
Impulse-control disorders
Refers to chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior.
Substance
Substances that alter mood, behavior, or both.
Psychoactive substances
Ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning.
Substance use
Physiological reaction to ingested substances—drunkenness or getting high
Substance intoxication
Substance use disorder is usually described as?
Addiction
Use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance), and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)
Physiological dependence
The repeated use of a drug, a desperate need to ingest more of the substance (stealing money to buy drugs, standing outside in the cold to smoke), and the likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence are
behaviors that define the extent of substance use disorders.
Drug-seeking behaviors
Substances result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation.
Depressants
Substances cause us to be more active and
alert and can elevate mood
Stimulant
Major effect of these substances is to produce
analgesia temporarily (reduce pain) and euphoria
Opiates
Substances alter sensory perception
and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations.
Hallucinogens
Individuals who are unable to resist the urge to gamble which, in turn, results in negative personal consequences
Gambling disorder
Measures levels of intoxication.
Breathalyzer test
Condition that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors.
Withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)
Results in confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she was pregnant.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Metabolize alcohol with the help of an enzyme called
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Drinking occasionally with few serious consequences
Prealcoholic stage
Drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem
Prodromal stage
Loss of control, with occasional binges
Crucial stage
Primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol
Chronic stage
Prescribed to help people sleep and replaced such drugs as alcohol and opium.
Barbiturates
Have been used since the 1960s, primarily to reduce anxiety.
Benzodiazepines
At low doses, it can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue
Amphetamines
Individuals experiencing exaggerated fears that he would be caught or that someone would steal his cocaine
Cocaine-induced paranoia
Site in the brain that seems to be involved in the experience of pleasure
Pleasure pathway
Psychoactive substance that produces patterns of dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal comparable to those of the other drugs we have discussed so far
Tobacco
Refers to the family of substances that
includes natural opiates, synthetic variations, and the comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain
Opioids
Regular users experience more pleasure from the drug after repeated use.
Reverse tolerance
Marijuana contains more than 80 varieties of this chemicals; believed to alter mood
and behavior
Cannabinoids
Referred to as “acid,” is the most common hallucinogenic drug.
LSD
Constricted the flow of blood to the arms or legs and eventually resulted in gangrene and the loss of limbs.
Ergotism
Users sometimes administer the drug
on a schedule of several weeks or months followed by a break from its use
Cycling
Users combine several types of steroids
Stacking
Act as the “brain police”
GABA neurons
Holds that an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in
negative feelings.
Opponent-process theory
Observation about the influence of how we
think about drug use
Expectancy effect
Powerful urges that can interfere with efforts to remain off these drugs
Cravings
Drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in
the face of temptation; this is a psychosocial perspective.
Moral weakness model of chemical dependence
Assumes that drug use disorders are caused by an underlying physiological cause; this is a biological perspective.
Disease model of physiological dependence
Adapt to new cultures
Acculturation
Male dominance in Latin cultures
Machismo
Female Latin role of motherly nurturance and identifying with the Virgin Mary
Marianismo
“Loss of face” among Asians, that can lead to shame for not living up to cultural expectations
Tiu lien
Continued use of certain substances changes
the way our brains work
Neuroplasticity
Involves providing the person with a safe
drug that has a chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug
Agonist substitution
Drug provided to smokers in the form
of gum, patch, inhaler, or nasal spray, which lack the carcinogens included in cigarette smoke
Nicotine
Requires less effort and provides a steadier nicotine replacement
Nicotine patch
Block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs, and a variety of drugs
that seem to cancel out the effects of opiates have been used with people dependent on a variety of substances
Antagonist drugs
Treatment model looks at the learned aspects
of dependence and sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills
Relapse prevention
People have episodes in which they act on aggressive impulses that result in serious
assaults or destruction of property
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things that are not needed for personal use
or their monetary value
Kleptomania
An impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires.
Pyromania
