Chapter 2 (Barlow)

Question 1

Long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on
chromosomes, within the cell nucleus.

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress

Answer 2

Diathesis–stress model

Question 3

Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder.

Answer 3

Diathesis

Question 4

Indicates that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful
life events

Answer 4

Gene–environment correlation model

Question 5

How environment can change gene expression

Answer 5

Epigenetics

Question 6

Knowing how the nervous system and, especially, how the brain works is central to any understanding of our behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.

Answer 6

Neuroscience

Question 7

End of an axon

Answer 7

Terminal button

Question 8

Brain uses an average of 140 billion nerve cells, called?

Answer 8

Neurons

Question 9

Information is transmitted through electrical impulses, called?

Answer 9

Action potentials

Question 10

Space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Answer 10

Synaptic cleft

Question 11

Biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron

Answer 11

Neurotransmitters

Question 12

Neurons that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire

Answer 12

Excitatory

Question 13

Neurons that decrease the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire.

Answer 13

Inhibitory

Question 14

Endocrine gland produces its own chemical messenger, called?

Answer 14

Hormone

Question 15

Paths may overlap with the paths of other neurotransmitters

Answer 15

Brain circuits

Question 16

Effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking
its effects

Answer 16

Agonists

Question 17

Decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter

Answer 17

Antagonists

Question 18

Produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.

Answer 18

Inverse agonists

Question 19

Afer a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly broken down and brought
back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that released it.

Answer 19

Reuptake

Question 20

Excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action.

Answer 20

Glutamate

Question 21

Inhibitory neurotransmitter; inhibit (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials.

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

Regulates our behavior, moods, and
thought processes.

Answer 22

Serotonin

Question 23

4 neurotransmitter system in the monoamine class important to psychopathology

Answer 23

Glutamate
GABA
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Question 24

Concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it

Answer 24

Cognitive science

Question 25

State that occurs after someone has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly; believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try, even when opportunities for change are available

Answer 25

Learned helplessness

Question 26

Organisms can learn just as much by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation.

Answer 26

Modeling or observational learning.

Question 27

We have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species

Answer 27

Prepared learning

Question 28

Apparent when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events.

Answer 28

Implicit memory

Question 29

Conscious memory for events

Answer 29

Explicit memory

Question 30

We simply seem able to process and store information, and act on it, without having the slightest awareness of what the information is or why we are acting on it

Answer 30

Blind sight or unconscious vision.

Question 31

Refers to unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from an individual’s self-report or behaviors.

Answer 31

Black box

Question 32

Alarm reaction that activateduring potentially life-threatening emergencies

Answer 32

Fiight or flight response

Question 33

Tendency to behave in a certain way (for example, escape), elicited by an external event (a threat) and a feeling state (terror) and accompanied by a (possibly) characteristic physiological response

Answer 33

Action tendency

Question 34

More persistent period of affect or emotionality.

Answer 34

Mood

Question 35

Refers to the valence dimension (i.e., pleasant or positive vs. unpleasant or negative) of an emotion.

Answer 35

Affect

Question 36

Any emotional experience can be assigned as a point on this two-dimensional system; this two dimensional system is known as?

Answer 36

Circumplex model

Question 37

Used to summarize commonalities among emotional states characteristic of an individual

Answer 37

Affective style

Question 38

3 Components of emotion

Answer 38

Behavior Physiology Cognition

Question 39

Characterized by exaggerated startle responses, and other observable fear and anxiety reactions.

Answer 39

Fright disorders

Question 40

Refers to protecting themselves and their young through nurturing behavior (tend) and forming alliances with larger social groups, particularly other females

Answer 40

“tend and befriend”

Question 41

Used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

Answer 41

Equifinality

Question 42

Why is psychology soft science?

Answer 42

Mostly uses theories

Question 43

3 aspects/ basic concepts to help determine the value of assessments.

Answer 43

Reliability Validity Standardization

Question 44

How well your assessment tells you what will happen in the future.

Answer 44

Predictive validity

Question 45

Lessen negative effect.

Answer 45

Inter-rater Reliability

Question 46

Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements; uniform; lessen biases.

Answer 46

Standardization

Question 47

Core of most clinical work; gathers info on current and past behavior, attitudes, and emotion, as we as a detailed history of the individual’s life in general and of presenting problems.

Answer 47

Clinical Interview

Question 48

Involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior.

Answer 48

Mental Status Examination (MSE)

Question 49

5 categories of MSE.

Answer 49

Physical appearance & behavior Thought process Mood & Affect Intellectual Functioning Sensorium

Question 50

Rate or flow of speech.

Answer 50

Thought Process

Question 51

Disorganized speech pattern.

Answer 51

Loose association/ Derailment

Question 52

Object or event is present but is actually absent.

Answer 52

Hallucination

Question 53

Seeing something but with a different perspective.

Answer 53

Illusion

Question 54

Beliefs with no basis/ factual evidence; distorted view of reality.

Answer 54

Delusion

Question 55

A person thinks people are after him and out to get him all the time.

Answer 55

Persecutory delusion

Question 56

An individual thinks they’re all-powerful in some ways.

Answer 56

Grandeur delusion

Question 57

Everything everyone else does somehow relates back to them.

Answer 57

Ideas of reference

Question 58

3 types of delusion.

Answer 58

Persecutory delusion Grandeur delusion Ideas of reference

Question 59

General awareness of surrounding.

Answer 59

Sensorium