Chapter 8 (Barlow) Flashcards
Out-of-control eating episodes, or binges, are followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts to purge (get rid of) the food.
Bulimia nervosa
Out-of-control eating episodes
Binges
Person eats only minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously
Anorexia nervosa
Individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not attempt to purge the food.
Binge-eating disorder
Not considered an official disorder in the DSM, but we consider it here because it is thought to be one of the most dangerous epidemics confronting public health authorities around the world today
Obesity
Subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa
Purging type (e.g., vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics)
Nonpurging type (e.g., exercise and/or fasting)
Continued vomiting that may upset the
chemical balance of bodily fluids, including sodium and potassium levels.
Electrolyte imbalance
2 subtypes of anorexia nervosa
Restricting type
Eating–purging type
Individuals diet to limit calorie intake
Restricting type
Individuals rely on purging
Eating–purging type
Downy hair on the limbs and cheeks
Lanugo
Growth and development are severely retarded because of inadequate nutrition
“Failure to thrive” syndrome
Men with this syndrome reported they were extremely concerned about looking small, even though they were muscular
Reverse anorexia nervosa
Targeting high-risk individuals
“Selective” approach
Targeting everyone in a certain age range
“Universal” approach
2 forms of maladaptive eating patterns in people who are obesed
Binge eating
Night eating syndrome
Surgical approach to extreme obesity; an increasingly popular approach for individuals with a BMI of at least 40
Bariatric surgery
Sleep–wake disorders are divided into 2 major categories:
Dyssomnias
Parasomnias
The clearest and most comprehensive picture of your sleep habits can be determined only by a
Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation
One alternative to the comprehensive assessment of sleep is to use a wristwatch-size device called an
Actigraph
Percentage of time actually spent asleep, not just lying in bed trying to sleep.
Sleep efficiency (SE)
Problems in the amount, timing, or quality of sleep
DYSSOMNIAS
Difficulty falling asleep at bedtime, problems staying asleep throughout the night, or sleep that does not result in the person feeling rested even after normal amounts of sleep.
Insomnia Disorder
Excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either sleeping longer than is typical or frequent falling asleep during the day.
Hypersomnolence Disorders
Episodes of irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep occurring daily, accompanied by episodes of brief loss of muscle tone (cataplexy).
Narcolepsy
A variety of breathing disorders that occur during sleep and that lead to excessive sleepiness or insomnia.
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
A discrepancy between the sleep–wake schedule required by a person to be rested and the requirements of the person’s environment (e.g., work schedules) that leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorder
Motor movements and behaviors that occur during NREM sleep including incomplete awakening, sleep walking, or sleep terrors
Disorder of Arousal
Frequently being awakened by extended and extremely frightening dreams that cause significant distress and impaired functioning.
Nightmare Disorder
Episodes of arousal during REM sleep that result in behaviors that can cause harm to the individual or others
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Irresistible urges to move the legs as a result of unpleasant sensations
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless Legs Syndrome is also called?
Willis-Ekbom disease
Disorder that involves obstructed nighttime
breathing; people with this problem have difficulty breathing at night; they often
snore loudly, pause between breaths, and wake in the morning with a dry mouth and headache.
Sleep apnea
Excessive jerky leg movements
Periodic limb movement disorder
Factors can lead to eventual sleeping problems; may not, by themselves, always cause problems, but they may combine with other factors to interfere with sleep
Predisposing conditions
Includes a number of events that can
negatively affect sleep
Sleep stress
Sleep problems reappear, sometimes worse
Rebound insomnia
A sudden loss of muscle tone
Cataplexy
Brief period after awakening when they can’t move or speak that is often frightening to those who go through it.
Sleep paralysis
Vivid and often terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are said to be unbelievably realistic because they include not only visual aspects but also touch, hearing, and even the sensation of body movement.
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Sleep paralysis commonly co-occurs with anxiety disorders
Isolated sleep paralysis
Episodes of falling asleep during the day
Sleep attacks
3 types of apnea
Obstructive
Central
Mixed sleep apnea
Occurs when airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
Decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing; tends to cause an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, because insufficient air is exchanged with the environment.
Sleep-related hypoventilation
Characterized by disturbed sleep brought on by the brain’s inability to synchronize its sleep
patterns with the current patterns of day and night.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder.
Found in the hypothalamus; where our biological clock is
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Caused by rapidly crossing multiple time zones
Jet lag type
Sleep problems are associated with
work schedules
Shift work type
Sleep is delayed or there is a later than normal bedtime.
Delayed sleep phase type
“Early to bed and early to rise.”
Advanced sleep phase type
People who experience highly varied sleep cycles
Irregular sleep–wake type
Sleeping on a 25- or 26-hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going throughout the day
Non-24-hour sleep–wake type
Hormone that contributes to the setting of our biological clocks that tell us when
to sleep.
Melatonin
Nickname for melatonin
Dracula hormone
Significant portion of the sleep problems people experience daily can be prevented by following a few steps during the day referred to as?
Sleep hygiene,
Most commonly afflict children, usually begin with a piercing scream.
Sleep terrors
Sleepwalking is also called?
Somnambulism
Individuals rise from their beds and eat while they are still asleep
Nocturnal eating syndrome
