Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, & Intelligence

Question 0

Cognition

Answer 0

Mental activities involved in acquiring storing retrieving and using knowledge
Ex. Discussing through reading the text

Question 1

stereoType threat

Answer 1

Negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities
Ex. Blondes are dumb

Question 2

Mental image

Answer 2

Mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience including visual auditory olfactory tactile motor or gustatory imagery
Ex. Imagining you’re laying on the beach

Question 3

Concept

Answer 3

Mental representation of a group of or category that share similar characteristics
Ex. The concept of a river groups together the Nile Amazon and the Mississippi because they share the common characteristics of being a large stream of water that empties into an ocean or lake

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

Representation of the best or most typical example of the category
Ex. Baseball is a prototype of the concept of sports

Question 5

Algorithm

Answer 5

Logical step-by-step procedures that if followed correctly will eventually solve the problem
Ex. A recipe is used to bake a cake

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

Simple rule or shortcut for problem-solving that does not guarantee a solution but does narrow down the alternatives
Ex. Limiting your apartment rental hunting to a house within 5 minutes of your job

Question 7

Mental set

Answer 7

Persisting in using problem-solving strategies strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones
Ex. Only going to single dating bars to find love

Question 8

Functional fixedness

Answer 8

Tendency to think of an object functioning only in it’s usual customary way
Ex. Only a coffee filter can be used to filter coffee

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

Preferring information that confirms pre-existing positions or beliefs wild annoying or discounting contradictory evidence

Question 10

Availability heuristic (Amos Tversky & Daniel kahnerman)

Answer 10

judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily available other instances of the event are in memory
ex. Chances of getting a jackpot bc you see flashing lights & loud noises

Question 11

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match or represent our previous prototype
Ex. a 6 foot+ man is predicted to be a basketball player but is more likely to be a banker president bc the ratio is 50 to 1

Question 12

Creativity

Answer 12

Ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way
3 characteristics are originality, fluency, & flexibility
Ex. Building with sand

Question 13

Divergent thinking

Answer 13

Thinking that produces many alternatives from a single starting point a major element of creativity
Ex. How many different ways you can use a paper clip

Question 14

Convergent thinking

Answer 14

Narrowing down alternatives to convert a single correct answer
Ex. Standard academic tests require convergent thinking

Question 15

Language

Answer 15

Forms of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules
Ex. Sounds

Question 16

Phoneme

Answer 16

Smallest basic unit of speech or sound

Ex. P in pants

Question 17

Morpheme

Answer 17

Smallest meaningful unit of language formed from a combination of phonemes
Ex. Prefix= un , root word= think , suffix= able

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

System of rules used great language and communication

Ex. I am happy vs. happy I am

Question 19

Semantics

Answer 19

Set of rules for using words create meaning or the study of meaning

Question 20

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 20

According to Chomsky an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language & extract the basic rules of grammar
Ex. Parents smiling approvingly when a baby babbles

Question 21

Cooing

Answer 21

Vowel like sounds infants produce beginning around 2 to 3 months of age
Ex. Ooohh ahhhhh

Question 22

Babbling

Answer 22

Vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4 to 6 months of age
Ex. Bahbahbah dahdah

Question 23

Overextension

Answer 23

Overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the words meaning
Ex. Calling all men daddy

Question 24

Telegraphic speech

Answer 24

Two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words
Ex. Me want cookie

Question 25

Overgeneralizes

Answer 25

Applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule
Ex. I goed to the zoo

Question 26

Intelligence

Answer 26

Global capacity to think rationally act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment
Ex.

Question 27

Fluid intelligence

Answer 27

Aspects of in a intelligence including reasoning abilities memory and speed of information processing that are relatively independent of education intend to decline as people age
Ex. Losing your memory

Question 28

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 28

Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the lifespan
Ex. Life skills

Question 29

Standardization

Answer 29

Establishment of the norms in uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
Ex. Common core

Question 30

Reliability

Answer 30

Measure the consistency and reproducibility of test scores when the test is really readministered
Ex. Retesting, split half method

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

The ability of the test to measure what it was designed to measure
Ex. A test about iq can we used to predict college grades

Question 32

Savant syndrome

Answer 32

Condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field
Ex. Retard Being very good at piano