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AP Psych > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to experience

Ex: learning a language

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1
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding or presenting a stimulus which strengthens a response it makes it more likely to recur

Ex: you do a favor for your friend and she buys you lunch in return

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

Process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses

Ex: when you’re hungry and you see a piece of cake and your mouth starts to water

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired (associated) with an unconditional stimulus (UCS) till like a conditional response

Ex: white fluffy objects were paired with loud noises in an experiment (was an NS and became a CR)

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning

Ex:In pavlov’s experiment the UCS was food

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5
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus(UCS)that occurs without previous conditioning

Ex: salivation, fear, etc.

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest

Ex: ringing bells, loud noises, etc.

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that goes through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) now cause it is a conditioned response (CR)

Ex: ringing bells, loud noises, etc.

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8
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Ex: fear, salivation, anger, etc.

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9
Q

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

A

Classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS)

Ex: happy, sad, angry, etc.

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

Basic classical conditioning when a neural stimulus NS is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) so that the NS comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)

Ex: gaining of knowledge such as the baby Albert experiment

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11
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Stimulus similar to the original CS elicit a CR

Ex: low pitched tones were used in the experiment, however dogs would also salivate to high pitched tones

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12
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Only to CS elicits the CR

Ex: the difference between Santa Claus and rats

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Presenting the CS without the UCS which gradually weakens the CR

Ex: Albert’s fear of Santa Claus

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR)

Ex: having a romantic relationship, breaking up then seeing her a year later and you still feel emotion

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15
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with the previously conditioned stimulus (CS)

Ex: McDonald’s

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning

Ex: telling a joke and your friends laugh

17
Q

Reinforcement

A

Strengthens a response it makes it more likely to recur

Ex. Getting a sticker for doing good on a math test

18
Q

Punishment

A

We can so responsive makes it less likely to recur

Ex. Getting grounded for getting bad grades

19
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because they satisfy an unlearned biological need

Ex: you hug your baby and he smiles

20
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their learned value

Ex: you study hard and receive a good grade on your psych exam

21
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking away or removing a stimulus which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur

Ex: you take an aspirin for your headache, which takes the pain away

22
Q

Premak principal

A

Using a naturally occurring high frequency response to reinforce and increased low-frequency responses

Ex: going to the movies after you study

23
Q

Continuos reinforcement

A

Every correct response is reinforced

Ex: getting a date, or always getting an A

24
Q

Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement

A

Some but not all correct responses are reinforced

Ex: rewarded every 3rd or 4th time you blast the alien in a video game

25
Q

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after predetermined set of responses the ratio number amount is fixed

Ex: car wash employee receives $10 for every 3 cars

26
Q

Variable (VR) ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs unpredictably the ratio number or amount varies

Ex: slot machines are designed to pay out after an average number of responses (maybe every 10 times), but any one machine may pay out on the first response, then seventh, then twentieth

27
Q

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after predetermined time has elapsed the interval time is fixed

Ex: gaining money for your work

28
Q

Variable interval (VI) schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs unpredictably the interval time varies

Ex: gambling

29
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcement delivered for successive approximations of the desired response

Ex: eating with a fork

30
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding or presenting a stimulus that weekends are responsive makes it less likely to recur

Ex: you must run 4 extra laps in gym class because you were late

31
Q

Negative punishment

A

Taking away or removing a stimulus that we can so responsive makes it less likely to recur

Ex: you’re excluded from gym class because you were late

32
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Cur signaling when a specific response will lead to expected reinforcement

Ex: the rat only gets food when the light is flashing

33
Q

Cognitive social theory

A

Emphasizes the role of thinking and social learning and behavior

Ex: making promises when you’re happy, yelling when you’re mad

34
Q

Insight

A

Sudden understanding of the problem that implies the solution

Ex: the chimp picked up the stick and maneuvered the banana within its grasp

35
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated

Ex: mental maze

36
Q

Latent learning

A

Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs

Ex: the food reward

37
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others also known as social learning or modeling

Ex: when a child asks their mother “do we like him mommy?” during a presidential debate

38
Q

Taste aversion

A

Classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness

Ex: food poisoning to raspberries. You’ll never eat raspberries again

39
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Built in innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Ex: associating nausea with food or drink

40
Q

Biofeedback

A

Involuntary bodily processes are recorded and the information is fed back to an organism to increase voluntary control over that bodily function

Ex: when an animal’s response tends to shift

AP Psych (17 decks)

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