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AP Psych > Chapter 2: The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Brain Flashcards

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0
Q

Neuron

A

Cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electro chemical information

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1
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey impulses towards the cell body

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that provide structural nutritional and other support for the neurons as well as communication within the nervous system; also called Glia or Neuroglia

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Part of the neuron containing the cell nucleus as well as other structures that help the neuron carry out its functions ;also known as the soma

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4
Q

Axon

A

Long tubelike structures that convey impulses away from the neuron cell body towards other neurons or two muscles or glands

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5
Q

Myelin

A

Layer of fatty insulation wrapped around the axon of some neurons which increases the rate at which nerve impulses travel along the axon

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6
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; involved in pain control pleasure and memory

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7
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands located throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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8
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals manufactured by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to produce bodily changes or maintain normal bodily functions

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9
Q

Central nervous system

A

BRain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and organizing information

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10
Q

Peripheal nervous system

A

Call nerves and neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brains ability to read organize and change its structure and function throughout the lifespan

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12
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Process by which new neurons are generated

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13
Q

Stem cell

A

Immature uncommitted cells that have the potential to develop into almost any type of cell depending on the chemical signals they receive

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14
Q

Reflex

A

Inmate automatic response to a stimulus

Ex; somebody hits you, you hit them back

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate invite Digestion. It is farther subdivided into the sympathetic nervous system which arouses and the parasympathetic nervous system which calms

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for arousing the body and mobilizing its energy during times of stress also called the flight or flight system

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for calming the body and conserving energy

19
Q

Brain stem

A

Area of the brain that house is part of the hind brain midbrain and forebrain and helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival
Ex. heartbeat and respiration

20
Q

Hindbrain

A

Collection of brain structures including the medulla cerebellum and pons

21
Q

Medulla

A

hindbrain structure responsible for automatic body functions such as breathing and heart beat

22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement balance and some perception and cognition

23
Q

Pons

A

Hind brain structure involved in respiration movement waking sleep and dreaming

24
Q

Midbrain

A

Collection of brain structures in the middle the brain responsible for coordinating movement patterns sleep and arousal

25
Q

Reticular formation

A

Diffuse set of neurons that screens incoming information and controls arousal

26
Q

Forebrain

A

Collection of upper-level brain structures including the Thalamus hypothalamus limbic system and cerebral cortex

27
Q

Thalamus

A

Forebrain structure at the top of the brainstem that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small brain structure beneath the Salamis that helps govern drives and hormones

29
Q

Lambic system

A

Interconnected group of four brain structures involved with emotions drives and memory

30
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system involved in forming and retrieving memories

31
Q

Amygdala

A

Limbic system structure link to the production and regulation of emotions
Ex. Agreesion and fear

32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin surface layer of the cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior including sensations motor control in higher mental processes

33
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control speech production and higher functions such as thinking personality emotion and memory

34
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Two lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted

35
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in hearing language comprehension memory and some emotional control

36
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Two lobes at the back of the brain responsible for vision and visual perception

37
Q

Association areas

A

So called quiet areas in the cerebral cortex involved in interpreting integrating and acting on information processed by other parts of the brain

38
Q

Split brain surgery

A

Cutting of the corpus callosum to separate the brains to hemispheres. When used medically to treat severe epilepsy split brain patients provide data on the function of the two hemispheres

39
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brains left and right hemispheres

40
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Study of the relative effects of heredity and the environment of being a behavior and mental processes

41
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies how evolutionary processes like natural selection and genetic mutations affect behavior and mental processes

42
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike molecule of DNA that carries genetic information

43
Q

Genes

A

Segment of DNA that occupies a specific place on a particular chromosome and carries the code for hereditary transmission

44
Q

Heritability

A

Measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic inherited factors versus the environment

45
Q

Natural selection

A

Driving mechanism behind evolution that allows individuals with genetic influence traits that are adaptive in a particular environment to stay alive and produce offspring

AP Psych (17 decks)

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