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Cameron Lecture study guides > Chapter 8: Microbial Genetics study guide > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Microbial Genetics study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are introns?

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

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2
Q

what are exons?

A

regions of DNA expressed

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3
Q

what are snRNPs?

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
remove introns and slice exons together to help form mRNA

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4
Q

which cell type uses introns, exons, and snRNPs? where exactly?

A

eukaryotes ONLY
within the nucleus

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5
Q

How is constitutive different from inducible enzymes?

A
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6
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA
RNA

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7
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

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8
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases used in RNA?

A

A U C G

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9
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases used in DNA?

A

A T C G

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10
Q

What are the enzymes given in class that are involved with DNA replication?

A

leading strand: DNA polymerase

lagging strand: DNA polymerase
RNA primase
DNA ligase

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11
Q

Describe the meaning of semiconservative replication.

A

the process by which DNA makes copies of itself, each strand, as it separates, synthesizing a complementary strand.

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12
Q

How is bacterial DNA replication different than eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

eukaryotic DNA replication consists of vertical gene transfer
bacterial DNA replication consists of horizontal gene transfer

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13
Q

How is an RNA nucleotide different than a DNA nucleotide?

A

DNA: deoxyribose sugar and is double helix
RNA: ribose sugar and is single strand

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14
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases used to make RNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine

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15
Q

Know the three basic forms of RNA and what they do.

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)

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16
Q

What does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do?

A

integral part of ribosomes

ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

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17
Q

What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do?

A

transports amino acids during protein synthesis

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18
Q

What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do?

A

carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes

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19
Q

What is transcription?

A

When a portion of a DNA molecule is used to make mRNA molecule

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20
Q

Which polymerase is used in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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21
Q

what is the end goal of transcription?

A

DNA -> mRNA

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22
Q

Where does transcription occur in a prokaryote?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryote?

A

nucleus

24
Q

What is the enzyme that allows for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

25
Q

What is translation?

A

the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis

mRNA –> Protein

26
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

occur in cytoplasm and ribosomes of either eukaryotes/prokaryotes

27
Q

What is a codon?

A

mRNA language includes groups of three nucleotides such as AUG, GGC, or AAA

28
Q

What does degeneracy mean?

A

several codons can signal the same one amino acid

29
Q

What is the first amino acid? What is the codon for this amino acid?

A

Methionine
AUG

30
Q

What are the three stop codons? Why do these codons cause translation to end?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

in order to signal end of protein synthesis

31
Q

What are the possible results of base substitution (point mutation)?

A

missense mutation
nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation

32
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

change in DNA base sequence that causes no change

33
Q

how does UV radiation cause mutations?

A

cause thymine dimers

34
Q

What are three possibilities that would allow for a silent mutation?

A
  1. degeneracy of genetic code (might still code for the same amino acid)
  2. function of protein may not change if amino acid is non-vital portion of protein
  3. changed amino acid is chemically similar
35
Q

What are the two major ways DNA can become mutated?

A
  • base substitution
  • chemical mutations
36
Q

how does ionizing radiation cause mutations?

A

causes the formation of ions that oxidize nucleotides and break the deoxyribose phosphate backbone

37
Q

how does UV radiation cause mutations?

A

cause thymine dimers

38
Q

how does UV radiation cause mutations?

A

cause thymine dimers

39
Q

What are some examples of enzymes that repair mutagen damage?

A

photolyases
separates thymine dimers

40
Q

What is the baseline error rate for DNA polymerase?

A

1 in a million

41
Q

What is the error rate once mutagens are added into the picture?

A

1 in a thousand

42
Q

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical gene transfer?

A

Vertical gene transfer: transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

Horizontal gene transfer: transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

43
Q

Which type of gene transfer can humans do?

A

Verticle

44
Q

Where does DNA come from in transformation?

A

Genes transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA

THis “naked DNA” can come from dead or lysed cells

45
Q

Do cells need to be in contact for transformation?

A

does NOT require a living donor cell but only requires the presence of persistent DNA in the environment.

46
Q

What is conjugation?

A

plasmids transferred from one bacterium to another

47
Q

Do cells need to be in contact for conjugation?

A
  • Requires cell-to-cell contact via sex pili
  • Must be of opposite mating type
48
Q

Which cell structure transfers the plasmid from one cell to the other?

A

via a pilus

49
Q

What happens to the recipient cell after conjugation is complete?

A

cell now has a plasmid that it can also transfer to other bacteria

50
Q

What is an Hfr cell?

A

high-frequency recombination cell
Hfr cells contain the F factor on the chromosome

51
Q

What is transferred during conjugation with an Hfr cell?

A

part of the chromosome of Hfr cell

52
Q

What happens to the recipient cell after conjugation is complete with a Hfr cell?

A

a recombinant F- cell results

53
Q

What is transduction?

A

DNA is transferred from a donor cell
to a recipient via a bacteriophage

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

54
Q

what does transduction require in order to happen?

A

bacteriophages

55
Q

True or False
DNA replication is when a cell makes a genetically different new strand of DNA

A

False
DNA replication is the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells

56
Q

What is the ultimate goal of a bacterial cell (or any cell) going through transcription and then translation?

A

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a genes DNA sequence

57
Q

which type of mutation is the worst kind and is also most common?

A

frameshift mutation

Cameron Lecture study guides (23 decks)

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