Chapter 12: The Eukaryotes study guide Flashcards
How do fungi obtain food and energy?
they are chemoheterotrophs so they decompose and consume organic molecules for food and energy
Are fungi aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic and facultatively anaerobic (can live without oxygen)
what are the cell walls of fungi made of?
chitin
how do fungi live symbiotically with tree roots? what is the term for fungi that have this relationship?
they break down nutrients to make easier for tree to use
tree roots in return provide nutrients for fungi
mycorrhiza
how do fungi reproduce?
through spores
where can you find fungi symbiotically living?
within tree roots
how do fungi live symbiotically with tree roots? what is the term for fungi that have this relationship?
they break down nutrients to make easier for tree to use
tree roots in return provide nutrients for fungi
mycorrhiza
What are the vegetative and reproductive structures of mold?
What is a coencytic mold?
no septa, long cells with many nuclei
What is a conidia?
ASEXUAL
- unicellular or multicellular
spore that is not enclosed in a sac.
- In a chain at the end of a conidospore
What is a sporangia? Are they sexual or asexual?
ASEXUAL
- formed within a sporangium or sac
-At the end of aerial hypha called sporangiophore.
Whats a zygospores?
SEXUAL
fusion of to similar gametes
Know some details of each of the three examples of fungi (genera) that we covered in the
lecture. (Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Valley Fever)
How does yeast grow compared to a mold?
Yeast is single cellular that reproduce asexually through mitosis. Most common form called “budding.”
when do yeast primarily use sexual reproduction?
when nutrient deprived
What is an example of a budding yeast?
Saccharomyces (brewers yeast)
When do pathogenic dimorphic fungi grow as a yeast instead of as a mold?
Temperature dependent
37 °C : yeast-like
25 °C: mold-like
What is a lichen?
Combination of green alga and a fungus
What is the advantage of forming the lichen partnership?
The alga provides organic compounds for food to the fungus
Where are lichens found?
Trees, rocks, soil, houses, tombstones, cars, old farm equipment and more
What are the six different types of algae that were presented in lecture?
- Brown algae
- Red algae
- Green algae
- Diatoms
- Dinoflagellates
- Water Molds
what types of algae are considered phytoplankton?
diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae
Which type of algae is not photosynthetic?
Water Molds
What is PSP? How do humans get PSP? Domoic acid poisoning?
PSP = paralytic shellfish poisoning
Humans get both PSP and Domoic acid poisoning by eatting contaminated Dinoflagellates
Protozoans are chemoheterotrophs. What does this mean?
they get nutrients from chemicals and do not form their own energy/food source
Contrast a cyst and a trophozoite life stage.
Cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment and remain infectious in the environment
Trophozoites passed in the stool are rapidly destroyed once outside the body, and if ingested would not survive exposure to the gastric environment.
cyst:
- passed in feces
- resistant
- infective
trophozoite:
- feeding
- motile
- replication occurs
what are protozoan cysts?
protective capsules that enable parasitic organism to live outside the host
what are protozoan trophozoites?
growing stage of protozoa when they absorb nutrients within the host
What organism utilizes a cyst and trophozoite stage?
Protozoans
What are the three types of parasitic worms? Know the two names for each group.
- Trematodes: flukes
2.Cestodes: tapeworms - Nematodes: roundworms
what are three examples given of the roundworm
hookworms
whipworms
pinworms
Know the specific examples given for each worm type.
What does monoecious mean?
one animal has both male and female
reproductive organs.
Which type of parasitic worm is dioecious?
nematodes (roundworms)
How do cestodes and trematodes absorb nutrients?
Absorb food through their CUTICLE
How do nematodes absorb nutrients?
Absorb food through their CUTICLE
What is a scolex?
head has suckers (or small hooks)
Which type of worm forms a scolex?
tapeworm
What is proglottid?
body segments
What is a spicule used for? Which type of worm uses a spicule?
help guide sperm to the female genital pore
Nematodes
Which worm is small, white and deposits eggs near the anus? What are some of the discomforts that this small, white worm can cause?
pinworms
itchy anus, because female pinworms leave eggs outside of anus
What is a vector?
typically are arthropods
carry pathogenic microorganism and transfer them
What are some examples of vectors
Mosquitos, ticks, crabs
What type of microbe causes Valley Fever and how can a person get this disease?
Caused by a mold (fungi) in the genus: Coccidiodes
A person can get this disease by inhalation of spores from dust
Why are algae so important to the global ecosystem?
- produce 60-80% of the world’s oxygen
- help reduce greenhouse gasses
- Can be used in food
- Can produce biofuels and act as a renewable energy source
- The basis of the food chain, supporting the aquatic food web
What makes a lichen symbiotic organism?
Lichen is a mutualistic relationship with a fungus and an algae. Algea provides the food while the fungus provides shelter, preventing desiccation of the algae
