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Cameron Lecture study guides > Ch 16 Innate immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16 Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells release interferon alpha?

A

Host cells infected with a virus

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2
Q

What does interferon alpha signal for?

A
  • It signals for neighboring cells that there is a viral threat in the area
  • This signals for them to release their own antiviral proteins for protections
  • Also signals NK cells to come help
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3
Q

What phagoctye arrives early or 1st to an immune response?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

Which phagocyte arrives later to help fight pathogens and clean up debris?

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

What compliment does the activation cascade coverge at?

A

C3

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6
Q

What are the shorthand terms for the 2 activated complement fragments?

A

C3a and C3b

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of the innate immunity?

A
  • Nonspecific immunity
  • Always present and working
  • Protective mechanisms are mostly at a constant level
  • No specific molecular recognition of pathogens
  • No memory of pathogens
  • Contains and destroys most pathogens
  • Forms the first two lines of defense: Skin and mucous membranes; NK cells, phagocytes, fever, inflammation
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of the adaptive immunity?

A
  • Specific immunity
  • Inducible
  • Up-regulatable
  • Provides delayed responses
  • Uses molecular recognition to target
    specific pathogens
  • Has memory of specific pathogens
  • Uses molecular recognition
  • More powerful than innate immunity
  • Third line of defense
  • lymphocytes
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9
Q

Does first line innate immunity involve the activation of immune cells or immune proteins?

A

It does not, 1st line of innate immunity ONLY uses skin epithelial cells within mucus membranes

No immune cells or proteins

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10
Q

1st line of innate immunity Physical factors include:

A
  • Skin and membranes
  • Saliva
  • Vomit
  • Diarrhea
  • Ciliary escalator sweeps debris out of
    trachea
  • Urine
  • nose hair
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11
Q

1st line of innate immunity CHemical factors include:

A
  • Lysozyme (sweat, tears)
  • HCL and the protease pepsin (stomach)
  • histatin (Saliva contains antifungal compound)
  • Sebum forms oily, acidic film that covers the body
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12
Q

Know which immune cells are derived from the myeloid stem cell

A
  • Mast cell
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophil
  • RBC
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Platelets
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13
Q

All of the following are derived from the myeloid stem cell EXCEPT

Neutrophil
Macrophages
Basophil
Eosinophil

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Know the three innate immune cells that are the common phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

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15
Q

Which of these immune cells is known as the ‘best’ phagocyte?

A
  • Macrophages
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16
Q

What are TLRs?

A

Receptor proteins on the surface of neutrophils

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17
Q

How do TLRs assist with immune defenses?

A

It signals new Neutrophils coming in to attack pathogens

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18
Q

What type of microorganism is specifically targeted by eosinophils?

A

Large organisms such as helminths (parasites)

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19
Q

How are basophils and mast cells similar?

A

Both are antigen-presenting cells

Both contain granules that contain signaling molecules that promote immune response

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20
Q

how are basophils and mast cells different?

A

Basophils:
- are found in blood
- Produced by bone marrow

Mast cells:
- are found in tissue

21
Q

Which cell type found in the blood can become a macrophage?

A

Monocytes in the blood become macrophages as they
enter the tissues

22
Q

How is a fixed macrophage different from a free macrophage?

A

Free macrophages: roam tissue and gather at infection
sites

Fixed macrophages: are embedded in body tissue

23
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A

granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus

24
Q

How is a NK cell different than the other innate cells?

A
  • Kills without phagocytosis
  • Kills without molecular recognition of foreign organism
25
Q

How do perforin and granzymes kill target cells?

A

Perforin – creates holes in host cell (causing lysis)
Granzymes – causes apoptosis (programmed cell death)

26
Q

What is the basic function of a dendritic cell?

A

Primary antigen-presenting cell

links to adaptive immune response

27
Q

How are inactive complement proteins activated?

A

in response to foreign cells by means of antibodies or lectin cause activation of C3 protein in complement which then activates cascade

28
Q

Which organ produces complement proteins?

A

Liver

29
Q

Which specific complement protein is at the end of the activation cascade?

A

C9

30
Q

What are the 3 immune responses that occur after the complement activation?

A

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis

31
Q

What is the end result when the complement cascade from C3 to C9 is completed?

A

Cytolysis caused by membrane attack complex

32
Q

What are the names of a couple enzymes that inhibit viruses? (found on the interferon ppt slide

A

Proteases and nucleases

33
Q

Why are antimicrobial proteins a good defense against pathogens?

A
34
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Pain
Redness
Immobility
Sweeling
Heat

35
Q

What is the result of histamine release at the site of injury?

A
  • Histamine increases fluid delivery
  • Vasodilation of local arterioles
  • Increases permeability of blood vessels
36
Q

What is the purpose of forming a blood clot as part of inflammation?

A
  • Blocks local vessels
  • Decreases blood flow from the site
  • Slows blood flow at site
  • Allows fluid to accumulate at site of response
37
Q

Describe how immune cells leave the bloodstream and travel to sites of infection. What are the three formal terms?

A

margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis

38
Q

Describe what occurs during margination?

A

immune cells move to edges of vessel

39
Q

describe what occurs during diapedesis

A

immune cells squeeze between endothelial cells

40
Q

describe what occurs during chemotaxis

A

immune cells travel to source of histamine

41
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

A chemical compound induces fever

42
Q

Why is a fever (below 104 F) beneficial?

A

Fever catalyzes immune cell functions while inhibiting microbial growth

43
Q

What is opsonization?

A

improved phagocytosis

44
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

45
Q

How does a phagocyte destroy an engulfed microorganism?

A
  1. Chemotaxis: Phagocytes follow chemical trail to site.
  2. Adherence: Phagocyte membrane attaches to foreign cell.
  3. Ingestion: Pseudopodia surround the target and fuse.
    —Engulfed target= phagosome.
  4. Digestion: Phagosome is fused with a lysosome to form the phagolysosome.
46
Q

Describe the difference between a phagosome and a phagolysosome.

A

Phagosome: Engulfed target

Phagolysosome: fused with a lysosome during digestion

47
Q

What is resistance?

A

Ability to not get infected

48
Q

What is susceptible?

A

Cameron Lecture study guides (24 decks)

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