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Cameron Lecture study guides > Ch 17 pt 2 Specific Defenses of the Host > Flashcards

Ch 17 pt 2 Specific Defenses of the Host Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and an epitope?

A

Antigen - are molecules capable of stimulating an immune response located on the surface of organism

Epitope - numerous small regions located antigens that are the binding sites for antibodies

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2
Q

what is an epitope?

A

numerous small regions located antigens that are the binding sites for antibodies

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3
Q

what is an antigen?

A

molecules capable of stimulating an immune response located on the surface of organism

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4
Q

How many different epitopes does a single B or T cell recognize?

A

only one per single B or T cell

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5
Q

When is antigen specificity set?

A

Randomly during lymphocyte development and remains constant for the life of the lymphocyte

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6
Q

What is a naïve lymphocyte?

A

fully functional lymphocyte that has not been activated

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7
Q

What is an activated B cell called?

A

Plasma (effector) cell

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8
Q

What does an activated B cell do?

A

produce the antibodies that recognized the specific pathogen’s antigen that caused activation

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9
Q

What are the major delays before the adaptive immune system is fully active?

A
  1. Epitope match
  2. Clonal expansion
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10
Q

What does a T cell use for its specific receptor?

A

T cell receptor

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11
Q

What does a B cell use for its specific receptor?

A

surface-bound antibodies

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12
Q

How many different B cell and T cell specificities can be generated?

A

10^15 different B cell specificities

10^18 different T cell specificities

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13
Q

How is a naïve B cell activated?

A

B cells bind to an antigen using Slg (surface bound antibody)

When a B cell binds its antibodies to the epitope of an antigen, it then digests the pathogen and presents its antigen using MHC II

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14
Q

What does the B cell do with the antigen after the
antigen binds to sIg (surface-bound immunoglobulin)?

A

CD4+ 2 (TH2 cells) then bind to this antigen and secrete cytokines that activate B cells.

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15
Q

What is the CD designation for T-independent B cells?

A

CD5+ intraperitoneal B cells

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16
Q

What type of antigens are targeted by this new subpopulation of B cells?

A

repeating polysaccharide antigens (do not require cytokines of CD4+ TH2 cells)

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17
Q

what are repeating polysaccharide antigens?

A

parasites (helminths)

18
Q

What is the full name of the protein (hint: what complex) that allows for T cell activation?
(not just the abbreviation)

A

MHC = Major histocompatibility complex

19
Q

What MHC type do Antigen presenting cells use to display an antigen?

A

MHC II

20
Q

How are CD 8+ T cells activated?

A

Are activated by antigen being presented by MHC I

21
Q

What happens to the cell that activates a CD 8+ T
cell?

A

Programmed cell death occurs

22
Q

How are CD 4+ T cells activated?

A

Antigen presenting cells present antigen using MHC II to CD4+ TH cells

23
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered before

24
Q

What are some of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of memory?

A

Encountering a pathogen will produce active immunity for the pathogen and passive immunity which creates memory cells. Can also occur by encountering pieces of pathogen within vaccines and passive immunity would be created as well through that.

25
Q

You should know the basic structure of an individual antibody molecule.

A
  • Secreted from plasma cells
  • Y-shaped protein
  • Composed of 4 polypeptide chains
  • The bottom stem is called the constant
    region
26
Q

What are the five different classes of antibody?

A

IgD
IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM

IgG (monomer) – blood plasma
IgA (dimer) – body secretions
IgM (pentamer) – blood plasma (produced by effector B cells)
IgE (monomer) – mast cells surface
IgD (monomer) – B cells surface

27
Q

Which antibody crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

28
Q

Which antibody class is secreted in breast milk?

A

IgA

29
Q

Which antibody classes are normally used in rapid antibody tests?

A

IgM

30
Q

What antibody class normally indicates you had an infection in the past?

A

IgG

31
Q

Which antibody class normally indicates you presently have that infection?

A

IgM

32
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibody protection?

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Agglutination/Precipitation
  3. Neutralization
  4. Complement activation
  5. Antibody–dependent cellular cytotoxicity: ADCC
33
Q

Does an antibody kill by itself?

A

No

34
Q

What is the name for the protein that allows for T cell activation?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex 1

35
Q

how does antibodies help with opsonization?

A

antibodies bind to foreign object to increase phagocytosis

36
Q

how do antibodies help with agglutination/precipitation?

A

use their variable binding sites to clump multiple antigens together. Large masses ease phagocytosis

37
Q

how to antibodies help with neutralization?

A

physically blocks toxin or pathogen from binding to human cell

38
Q

how do antibodies help with complement activation?

A

IgG and IgM activates classical pathway of complement to cause lysis with membrane attack complex

39
Q

Name and breifly describe the major delays before the adaptive immune system fully activates

A
  1. Epitope Match: specific receptor on a lymphocyte must bind to the correct epitope
  2. Clonal Expansion: Each newly activated lymphocyte will rapidly reproduce daughter cells (effector and memory cells)
40
Q

Name and briefly describe 3 (out of 5) mechanisms of antibody protection

A
  1. Osponization: antibody attached to foreign objects is easier to phagocytize
  2. Agglutination/Precipitation: Antibodies use their two identical binding sites to bind to multiple antigens.

3.Neutralization: Antibody physically blocks toxin or pathogens from attaching to human cell

  1. Complement activation: Antibodies bind complement, results in the MAC (cytolysis)
  2. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity: ADCC, Utilizes immune cells to attack labeled targets without using phagocytosis

Cameron Lecture study guides (24 decks)

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