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Cameron Lecture study guides > Ch 14 Study Guide Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Ch 14 Study Guide Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

manner in which disease develops

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3
Q

Infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microbe

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4
Q

Disease

A

infection results in any change from a state of health
- Part or all of the body is incapable of performing its normal functions

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5
Q

Communicable disease

A

disease that is spread from one host to another

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6
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to
another.
Ex. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

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7
Q

Symbiosis

A

is the relationship between normal microbiota and the
host

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8
Q

Commensalism, example?

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

ex: bacteria on the skin

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9
Q

Mutualism, example?

A

both organisms benefit

ex” bacteria in stomatch

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10
Q

Parasitism, example?

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

ex: tape worm

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11
Q

Is this typical of subacute, chronic, or acute infection?

The patient experiences a rapid onset of malaise; symptoms last 5 days.

A

Acute

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12
Q

Is this typical of subacute, chronic, or acute infection?

The patient experiences cough and breathing difficulty for months.

A

chronic

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13
Q

Is this typical of subacute, chronic, or acute infection?

The patient has no apparent symptoms and is a known carrier.

A

subacute

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14
Q

Among hospital patients who have infections, one-third do not enter the hospital with the infection but rather acquired it in the hospital. How do they acquire these infections?

A

Hospital patients may be in a weakened condition and therefore predisposed to infection

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15
Q

What is the method of transmission of these hostpital infections?

A

Pathogenic microorganisms are generally transmitted to patients by contact and airborne (indirect) transmission

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16
Q

What is the reservoir of infection for these hospital infections?

A

The reservoir of infection is the hospital staff, staff and other patients.

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17
Q

Distinguish symptoms from signs as signals of disease.

A
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18
Q

How can a local infection become a systemic infection?

A

An infection that is spread through the bloodstream

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19
Q

Why are some organisms that constitute the normal microbiota described as commensals, whereas others are described as mutualistic?

A

Mutualistic microorganisms are providing a chemical or environment that is essential for the host.

Commensal organisms are not essential; another microorganism might serve the function as well.

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20
Q

Put the following in the correct order to describe the pattern of disease: period of convalescence, prodromal period, period of decline, incubation period, period of illness.

A

1) Incubation period
2) Prodromal period
3) Illness period
4) Decline period
5) Convalescence period

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21
Q

Normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease
under normal conditions

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22
Q

How do people acquire normal microbes (human microbiome)

A

during birth and the first years of life. They’re acquired from food, people and pets.

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23
Q

What are three ways normal microbes are beneficial to us?

A
  1. Competing for nutrients with other microbes
  2. Producing substances that are harmful to invaders
  3. Affecting the environment, pH or available oxygen to keep invaiders away
24
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a
healthy person but may do so in a different environment

25
Q

What can allow opportunistic pathogens to cause disease?

A

when the pathogen is displaced in an unusual location or the host has a weakened immune system

26
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates?

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
27
Q

What are some important exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Some diseases caused by a variety of microbes
  2. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
  3. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans (would be unethical to test in humans)
  4. Some microbes have never been cultured
28
Q

Whats Koch’s 1st Postulates?

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
29
Q

Whats Koch’s 2nd Postulate?

A
  1. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
30
Q

Whats Koch’s 1st exception?

A
  1. Some diseases are caused by a variety of microbes
31
Q

Whats Koch’s 2nd exception?

A
  1. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
32
Q

Know what theory from chapter 1 Koch’s work is related to.

A

Germ theory of disease

33
Q

How is a symptom distinct from a sign?

A
  • Symptoms are subjective and can be perceived only by the person affected.
  • Signs are objective findings that can be seen or measured
34
Q

What makes a communicable disease contagious?

A

From one host to another

35
Q

Be able to define endemic disease.

A

disease constantly present in a population

36
Q

How does an endemic disease become an epidemic?

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a
short time

37
Q

Know the difference between acute and chronic diseases.

A

Acute illnesses generally develop suddenly and last a short time

Chronic conditions develop slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time—months to years

38
Q

Which term is used to describe a disease that is dormant because the microorganism is inactive?

A

Latent disease

39
Q

How would you describe a subclinical infection?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms, but infection is present and person can be infectious

40
Q

During which periods is the number of microorganisms increasing?

A

incubation period
Prodromal period

41
Q

In which period does death most likely occur?

A

Period of illness

42
Q

In which period does a secondary infection most likely set in?

A

Period of decline

43
Q

Is a person pathogen free during any of the periods?

A

No

44
Q

What is the difference between the reservoirs?

A
  • HUamn reservoirs invole human carriers
  • Animal reservoirs involve animals as carriers
  • Non-living reservoirs involve non-living things such as soil and water
45
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

are diseases transmitted from animals to
humans

46
Q

How do we acquire zoonoses?

A

Direct contact: Coming into contact with the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids of an infected animal.

Examples include petting or touching animals, and bites or scratches.

47
Q

What are the three forms of contact transmission?

A
  • Direct contact: person to person
  • Indirect contact: transferred by a nonliving object. (FOMITE) ex. syringes
  • Droplet: microbes spread in mucus droplets. Ex: sneeze; 20k droplets.
48
Q

What are the three forms of vehicle transmission?

A
  • Air: microbes traveling more than 1 meter attached to dust particles
  • Water: untreated or poorly treated sewage
  • Food: food imporoperly cooked, poorly refrigerated, unsanitary conditions
49
Q

You should be able to cite many examples of fomites (Indirect contact transmission)

A

Stethoscopes, tissues, bedding, towels etc.
- Contaminated syringes (AIDS and hepatitis B)

50
Q

What is the difference between a biological and a mechanical vector?

A

Mechanical transmission: passive transport (pathogens on the
insect’s feet or other body parts)

Biological transmission: active process (bug bites)

51
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

healthcare-associated infections

52
Q

What 3 factors contribute to nosocomial infections?

A
  1. Microorganisms in the hospital environment
  2. Weakened (compromised) status of the
    host
  3. Chain of transmission in a hospital
53
Q

What are some examples of microbes that cause nosocomial infections

A

E.coli,
S. aureus,
Klebsiella species,
Enterobacter species,
Enterococcus species,
Streptococcus species,
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

54
Q

Know the epidemiological studies talked about in lecture

A

John Snow: Mapped the occurance of cholera in London

Ignaz Semmelweis: Showed that handwashing decreased the incients of sepsis

Florance Nightingale: Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidents of epidemic typhus

55
Q

Explain 3 ways bacteria damage host cells

A
  1. Direct damage (viruses lysing host cells)
  2. Producing toxins
  3. Using the hosts nutrients
56
Q

The prodromal period occurs prior to..

A

Illness

Cameron Lecture study guides (24 decks)

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