Chapter 8 Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
Aneurysm/o
A
Aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
2
Q
Angi/o
A
Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
3
Q
Vascul/o
A
Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
4
Q
Aort/o
A
Aorta
5
Q
Arteri/o
A
Artery
6
Q
Arteriol/o
A
Arteriole
7
Q
Atri/o
A
Atrium
8
Q
Ather/o
A
Fatty plaque
9
Q
Cardi/o
A
Heart
10
Q
Coron/o
A
Heart
11
Q
Electr/o
A
Electricity
12
Q
Embol/o
A
Embolus (plug)
13
Q
Hemangi/o
A
Blood vessel
14
Q
My/o
A
Muscle
15
Q
Phleb/o
A
Vein
16
Q
Phleb/o
A
Vein
17
Q
Ven/o
A
Vein
18
Q
Scler/o
A
Hardening, sclera (white of the eye)
19
Q
Sept/o
A
Septum
20
Q
Sphygm/o
A
Pulse
21
Q
Sten/o
A
Narrowing, stricture
22
Q
Thromb/o
A
Blood clot
23
Q
Valv/o
A
Valve
24
Q
Valvul/o
A
Valve
25
Ventricul/o
Ventricle (of the heart or brain)
26
-cardia
Heart condition
27
-stenosis
Narrowing stricture
28
Brady-
Slow
29
Endo-
In, within
30
Extra-
Outside
31
Peri-
Around
32
Trans-
Across
33
Aneurysm
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
34
Angina
Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium, also called angina pectoris
35
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart, also called dysrhythmia
36
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
37
Fibrillation
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
38
Heart block
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers
39
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart beating up to 200 beats/minute
40
Bruit
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated with valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both also called murmur
41
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
42
Coarctation
Narrowing of vessel, especially the aorta
43
Embolism
Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life threatening situations
44
Heart failure (HF)
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
45
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
46
Hypertension (HTN)
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
47
Hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
48
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in an incomplete closure and a back-flow of blood
49
Palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
50
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced blood flow to the extremities, especially the legs resulting in muscle cramping and pain, commonly the result of atherosclerosis
51
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
52
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
53
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain, also called fainting
54
Thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of formation
55
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs, also called deep venous thrombosis
56
Normal BP
120/80 less than
57
Prehypertension
120-139/80-89
58
Stage one HTN
140-159/90-99
59
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the arms, chest, and legs
60
Holter monitor test
Procedure that uses a small portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period, also called event monitoring test
61
Stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
62
Cardiac biomarkers
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress, also called cardiac enzyme test
63
Lipid panel
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to asses risk factors of ischemic heart disease
64
Angiography
Procedure that records a Radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
65
Aortography
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
66
Coronary angiography
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
67
Doppler US
Ultrasonography used to asses the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells, also called ultrasonography using sound pitch
68
Carotid artery US
Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on walls of the carotid arteries
69
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
70
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise, also called nuclear stress test
71
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
72
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
73
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
74
Multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA)
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
75
Cardiac catheterization (CC)
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
76
Electrophysiology study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safety reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
77
Angioplasty
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
78
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
79
Cardiac ablation
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
80
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
81
Implantable cardioverterdifibrillator (ICD)
Small, battery powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who as high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
82
Open heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
83
Pacemaker insertion
Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
84
Defibrillation
Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
85
Cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
86
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
Benazepril, lisinopril
87
Angiotensin II receptor (ARBs)
Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
Losartan, valsartan
88
Antiarrhythmics
Prevent, alleviate or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
Amidarone, digoxin
89
Beta blockers
Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart-rate
Warfarin, dabigatran
90
Calcium channel blockers
Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial calls and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
Amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine
91
Diuretics
Act on kidneys to increase the excretion of water and sodium
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide
92
Nitrates
Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body allowing more blood flow to the heart
Nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate
93
Statins
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
Atorvastatin, simvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe
94
AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
95
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
96
AED
Automated external defibrillator
97
AICD
Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
98
ARB
Angiotensin receptor blocker
99
AV
Atrioventricular, arteriovenous
100
BP, B/P
Blood pressure
101
CA
Cancer, cardiac arrest, chronological age
102
CABG
Coronary artery bypass graft
103
CAD
Coronary artery disease
104
CC
Cardiac catheterization
105
CHF
Congestive heart failure
106
CK
Creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
107
CO2
Carbon dioxide
108
CV
Cardiovascular
109
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
110
ECG, EKG
Electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
111
ECHO
Echocardiogram, echocardiography, echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
112
EPS
Electrophysiology studies
113
HTN
Hypertension
114
ICD
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
115
LA
Left atrium
116
LV
Left ventricle
117
MI
Myocardial infarction
118
MPI
Myocardial perfusion imaging
119
MRA
Magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography
120
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
121
MUGA scan
Multiple-gated acquisition scan
122
MVP
Mitral valve prolapse
123
O2
Oxygen
124
PAD
Peripheral artery disease
125
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
126
RA
Right atrium
127
RHD
Rheumatic heart disease
128
RV
Residual volume, right ventricle
129
SA, S-A
Sinoatrial
130
HF
Heart failure
131
Hg
Mercury
132
SPECT
Single photon emission computed tomography
133
US
Ultrasound
