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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY > Chapter 8 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Cardiovascular Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aneurysm/o

A

Aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

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2
Q

Angi/o

A

Vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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3
Q

Vascul/o

A

Vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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4
Q

Aort/o

A

Aorta

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5
Q

Arteri/o

A

Artery

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6
Q

Arteriol/o

A

Arteriole

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7
Q

Atri/o

A

Atrium

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8
Q

Ather/o

A

Fatty plaque

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9
Q

Cardi/o

A

Heart

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10
Q

Coron/o

A

Heart

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11
Q

Electr/o

A

Electricity

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12
Q

Embol/o

A

Embolus (plug)

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13
Q

Hemangi/o

A

Blood vessel

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14
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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15
Q

Phleb/o

A

Vein

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16
Q

Phleb/o

A

Vein

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17
Q

Ven/o

A

Vein

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18
Q

Scler/o

A

Hardening, sclera (white of the eye)

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19
Q

Sept/o

A

Septum

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20
Q

Sphygm/o

A

Pulse

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21
Q

Sten/o

A

Narrowing, stricture

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22
Q

Thromb/o

A

Blood clot

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23
Q

Valv/o

A

Valve

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24
Q

Valvul/o

A

Valve

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25
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle (of the heart or brain)

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26
Q

-cardia

A

Heart condition

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27
Q

-stenosis

A

Narrowing stricture

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28
Q

Brady-

A

Slow

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29
Q

Endo-

A

In, within

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30
Q

Extra-

A

Outside

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31
Q

Peri-

A

Around

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32
Q

Trans-

A

Across

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33
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

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34
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium, also called angina pectoris

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35
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart, also called dysrhythmia

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36
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

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37
Q

Fibrillation

A

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

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38
Q

Heart block

A

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers

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39
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart beating up to 200 beats/minute

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40
Q

Bruit

A

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated with valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both also called murmur

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41
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

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42
Q

Coarctation

A

Narrowing of vessel, especially the aorta

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43
Q

Embolism

A

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life threatening situations

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44
Q

Heart failure (HF)

A

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

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45
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

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46
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

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47
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

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48
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in an incomplete closure and a back-flow of blood

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49
Q

Palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

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50
Q

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced blood flow to the extremities, especially the legs resulting in muscle cramping and pain, commonly the result of atherosclerosis

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51
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

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52
Q

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

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53
Q

Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain, also called fainting

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54
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of formation

55
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs, also called deep venous thrombosis

56
Q

Normal BP

A

120/80 less than

57
Q

Prehypertension

A

120-139/80-89

58
Q

Stage one HTN

A

140-159/90-99

59
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the arms, chest, and legs

60
Q

Holter monitor test

A

Procedure that uses a small portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period, also called event monitoring test

61
Q

Stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

62
Q

Cardiac biomarkers

A

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress, also called cardiac enzyme test

63
Q

Lipid panel

A

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to asses risk factors of ischemic heart disease

64
Q

Angiography

A

Procedure that records a Radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

65
Q

Aortography

A

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

66
Q

Coronary angiography

A

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

67
Q

Doppler US

A

Ultrasonography used to asses the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells, also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

68
Q

Carotid artery US

A

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on walls of the carotid arteries

69
Q

Echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output

70
Q

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

A

Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise, also called nuclear stress test

71
Q

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

72
Q

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

73
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

74
Q

Multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA)

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

75
Q

Cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

76
Q

Electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safety reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart

77
Q

Angioplasty

A

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

78
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

79
Q

Cardiac ablation

A

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

80
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

81
Q

Implantable cardioverterdifibrillator (ICD)

A

Small, battery powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who as high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

82
Q

Open heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

83
Q

Pacemaker insertion

A

Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

84
Q

Defibrillation

A

Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

85
Q

Cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern

86
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
Benazepril, lisinopril

87
Q

Angiotensin II receptor (ARBs)

A

Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
Losartan, valsartan

88
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Prevent, alleviate or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
Amidarone, digoxin

89
Q

Beta blockers

A

Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart-rate
Warfarin, dabigatran

90
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial calls and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
Amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine

91
Q

Diuretics

A

Act on kidneys to increase the excretion of water and sodium
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide

92
Q

Nitrates

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body allowing more blood flow to the heart
Nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate

93
Q

Statins

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
Atorvastatin, simvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe

94
Q

AAA

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

95
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

96
Q

AED

A

Automated external defibrillator

97
Q

AICD

A

Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

98
Q

ARB

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker

99
Q

AV

A

Atrioventricular, arteriovenous

100
Q

BP, B/P

A

Blood pressure

101
Q

CA

A

Cancer, cardiac arrest, chronological age

102
Q

CABG

A

Coronary artery bypass graft

103
Q

CAD

A

Coronary artery disease

104
Q

CC

A

Cardiac catheterization

105
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure

106
Q

CK

A

Creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty

107
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

108
Q

CV

A

Cardiovascular

109
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis

110
Q

ECG, EKG

A

Electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

111
Q

ECHO

A

Echocardiogram, echocardiography, echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

112
Q

EPS

A

Electrophysiology studies

113
Q

HTN

A

Hypertension

114
Q

ICD

A

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

115
Q

LA

A

Left atrium

116
Q

LV

A

Left ventricle

117
Q

MI

A

Myocardial infarction

118
Q

MPI

A

Myocardial perfusion imaging

119
Q

MRA

A

Magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography

120
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

121
Q

MUGA scan

A

Multiple-gated acquisition scan

122
Q

MVP

A

Mitral valve prolapse

123
Q

O2

A

Oxygen

124
Q

PAD

A

Peripheral artery disease

125
Q

PTCA

A

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

126
Q

RA

A

Right atrium

127
Q

RHD

A

Rheumatic heart disease

128
Q

RV

A

Residual volume, right ventricle

129
Q

SA, S-A

A

Sinoatrial

130
Q

HF

A

Heart failure

131
Q

Hg

A

Mercury

132
Q

SPECT

A

Single photon emission computed tomography

133
Q

US

A

Ultrasound

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY (20 decks)

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