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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY > Chapter 15 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

Crani/o

A

Cranium (skull)

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3
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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4
Q

Gangli/o

A

Ganglion (knot or knot like mass)

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5
Q

Gli/o

A

Glue; neurological tissue

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6
Q

Kinesi/o

A

Movement

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7
Q

Lept/o

A

Thin, slender

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8
Q

Lex/o

A

Word, phrase

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9
Q

Mening/o

A

Meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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10
Q

Meningi/o

A

Meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow; spinal cord

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12
Q

Narc/o

A

Stupor; numbness; sleep

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13
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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14
Q

Radicul/o

A

Nerve root

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15
Q

Sthen/o

A

Strength

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16
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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17
Q

Thec/o

A

Sheath (usually referring to the meninges)

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18
Q

Ton/o

A

Tension

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19
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle (of the brain or heart)

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20
Q

-algesia

A

Pain

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21
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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22
Q

-asthenia

A

Weakness, debility

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23
Q

-esthenia

A

Feeling

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24
Q

-kinesia

A

Movement

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25
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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26
Q

-paresis

A

Partial paralysis

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27
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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28
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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29
Q

-taxia

A

Order, coordination

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30
Q

Pachy-

A

Thick

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31
Q

Para-

A

Near, beside; beyond

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32
Q

Syn-

A

Union, together, joined

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33
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spacial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact

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34
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Type of age-associated dementia caused by small lesions called plaques that develop in the cerebral cortex and interrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells; also called cerebral degeneration

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35
Q

Anencephaly

A

Congenital deformity in which some or all of the fetal brain is missing

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36
Q

Closed head trauma

A

Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

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37
Q

Coma

A

Abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response stimuli

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38
Q

Concussion

A

Traumatic injury to the brain that causes unconsciousness and is commonly of a temporary nature

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39
Q

Convulsion

A

Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles that is commonly associated with such brain disorders as epilepsy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

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41
Q

Dyslexia

A

Inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure

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42
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves, damaging their myelin sheaths, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness; also called infective or idiopathic polyneuritis

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43
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called shingles

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44
Q

Huntington chorea

A

CNS disorder characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration; also called neurodegenerative genetic disorder

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45
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing an increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of the brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

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46
Q

Lethargy

A

Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli

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47
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

Chronic, progressive disorder in which a loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscle weakness

48
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord), which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect

49
Q

Meningocele

A

Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine

50
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine

51
Q

Occulta

A

Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed, and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

52
Q

Palsy

A

Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

53
Q

Bell palsy

A

Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve; also called facial nerve palsy

54
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

Type of paralysis that affects movement and muscle coordination and may affect gross and fine motor skills

55
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

56
Q

Paresthenia

A

Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

57
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Degenerative disorder in which the progressive loss of brain cells leads to impairment in motor function, including tremors, muscular rigidity, and a slowing of movement; also called paralysis agitans or shaking palsy

58
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

59
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Disorder affecting one or more nerves at the location where the nerve root exits the spine and commonly the result of a herniated or compressed disk, degenerative changes, arthritis, or bone spurs; also called radiculitis

60
Q

Reye syndrome

A

Potentially fatal syndrome that commonly causes brain swelling and liver damage and is characterized by confusion, hyperventilation, violent behavior, seizures, and possibly coma; also called acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver failure

61
Q

Syncope

A

Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting

62
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses

63
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage

64
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap

65
Q

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

A

Test that measure the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve

66
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

Laboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that helps diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage

67
Q

Computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT angiography)

A

Radiographic image of the interior of a vessel in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional images of blood vessels

68
Q

Discography

A

CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots

69
Q

Echoencephalography

A

Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain

70
Q

Magnetic source imaging (MSI)

A

Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography (MEG)

71
Q

Myelography

A

Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium

72
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Compound tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmacutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

73
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Technique that exposes abnormal issue to extreme cold to destroy it

74
Q

Thalamotomy

A

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements; including tremors in Parkinson’s disease; or emotional disturbances

75
Q

Tractotomy

A

Transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord

76
Q

Trephination

A

Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure

77
Q

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

A

Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity

78
Q

Intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

Treatment for ischemic stroke using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a potent clot-busting drug, injected directly into a vein

79
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Extracorporeal procedure to treat patients with autoimmune diseases by removing their plasma containing the offending antibodies and replacing it with donor plasma or plasma substitutes

80
Q

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

A

Procedure that uses three-dimensional imaging (stereotactic) along with high doses of highly focused radiation to destroy tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column, and other body sites with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue

81
Q

Anesthetics

A

Produce partial or complete loss sensation, with or without loss of consciousness

82
Q

General anesthetic

A

Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling along with loss of consciousness
Propofol

83
Q

Local anesthetic

A

Act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect only a local area
Procaine, lidocaine

84
Q

Nerve block anesthetic

A

Blocks pain from the area supplied by that nerve
Levobupivacaine

85
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics
Carbamazepine, valproate, phenytoin

86
Q

Antiparkinsonian agents

A

Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain
Levodopa, levodopa/carbidopa

87
Q

Psychiatric antianxiety agents

A

React at distinct receptor sites in the lambic and cortical system to decrease anxiety
Alprazolam, buspirone

88
Q

Antipsychotics

A

Treat psychosis, paranoia, ad schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the lambic system, which controls emotions
Clozapine, risperidone

89
Q

Antidepressants

A

Treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
Citalopram, fluoxetine

90
Q

Hypnotics

A

Depress central nervous system (CNS) functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
Temazepam, zolpidem

91
Q

Psychostimulants

A

Reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters
Dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate

92
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

93
Q

AChR

A

Acetylcholine receptor

94
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

95
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

96
Q

CP

A

Cerebral palsy

97
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

98
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

99
Q

CTA

A

Computed tomography angiography

100
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident

101
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

102
Q

EMG

A

Electromyography

103
Q

ICP

A

Intracranial pressure

104
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

105
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

106
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

107
Q

MG

A

Myasthenia gravis

108
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

109
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis; mental status; musculoskeletal; mitral stenosis

110
Q

MSI

A

Magnetic source imaging

111
Q

NCV

A

Nerve conduction velocity

112
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

113
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

114
Q

SRS

A

Stereotactic radiosurgery

115
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

116
Q

tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY (20 decks)

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