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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY > Chapter 16 Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Special Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye

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2
Q

Acuity

A

Clearness or sharpness of a sensory function

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3
Q

Adnexa

A

Tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure

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4
Q

Humor

A

Any fluid or semifluid of the body

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5
Q

Labyrinth

A

Series of intricate communicating passages

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6
Q

Opaque

A

Substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light

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7
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea

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8
Q

Photopigment

A

Light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorb light and initiates the visual process; also called visual pigment

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9
Q

Refractive

A

Ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another

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10
Q

Stereopsis

A

Depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object

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11
Q

Ambly/o

A

Dull, dim

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12
Q

Aque/o

A

Water

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13
Q

Blephar/o

A

Eyelid

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14
Q

Choroid/o

A

Choroid

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15
Q

Conjunctiv/o

A

Conjunctiva

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16
Q

Core/o

A

Pupil

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17
Q

Pupill/o

A

Pupil

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18
Q

Corne/o

A

Cornea

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19
Q

Cycl/o

A

Ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle

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20
Q

Dacry/o

A

Tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac or gland)

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21
Q

Lacrim/o

A

Tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, gland)

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22
Q

Dacryocyst/o

A

Lacrimal sac

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23
Q

Glauc/o

A

Gray

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24
Q

Goni/o

A

Angle

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25
Q

Irid/o

A

Iris

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26
Q

Kerat/o

A

Horny tissue; hard; cornea

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27
Q

Ocul/o

A

Eye

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28
Q

Ophthalm/o

A

Eye

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29
Q

Opt/o

A

Eye; vision

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30
Q

Optic/o

A

Eye; vision

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31
Q

Phac/o

A

Lens

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32
Q

Phot/o

A

Light

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33
Q

Presby/o

A

Old age

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34
Q

Retin/o

A

Retina

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35
Q

Scler/o

A

Hardening; sclera (white of the eye)

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36
Q

Scot/o

A

Darkness

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37
Q

Vitr/o

A

Vitreous body (of the eye)

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38
Q

Audi/o

A

Hearing

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39
Q

Labyrinth/o

A

Labyrinth (inner ear)

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40
Q

Mastoid/o

A

Mastoid process

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41
Q

Ot/o

A

Ear

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42
Q

Salping/o

A

Tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

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43
Q

Staped/o

A

Stapes

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44
Q

Tympan/o

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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45
Q

Myring/o

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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46
Q

-acusia

A

Hearing

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47
Q

-cusis

A

Hearing

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48
Q

-opia

A

Vision

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49
Q

-opsia

A

Vision

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50
Q

-tropia

A

Turning

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51
Q

Exo-

A

Outside, outward

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52
Q

Hyper-

A

Excessive, above normal

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53
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness

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54
Q

Ametropia

A

Failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball; also called error of refraction

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55
Q

Astigmatism (Ast)

A

Distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused

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56
Q

Hyperopia

A

Visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness

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57
Q

Myopia

A

Visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness

58
Q

Cataract

A

Opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time

59
Q

Chalazion

A

Small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst; also called meibomian cyst

60
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye

61
Q

Drusen

A

Small, yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration

62
Q

Ectropion

A

Eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid

63
Q

Entropion

A

Inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye

64
Q

Epiphora

A

Abnormal overflow of tears

65
Q

Hordeolum

A

Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called stye

66
Q

Metamorphopsia

A

Visual distortion of objects

67
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness

68
Q

Nystagmus

A

Type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

69
Q

Papilledema

A

Swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc

70
Q

Photophobia

A

Unusual intolerance of and sensitivity to light

71
Q

Retinopathy

A

Any disorders of retinal blood vessels

72
Q

Strabismus

A

Misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia

73
Q

Trachoma

A

Chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness

74
Q

Anacusis

A

Complete blindness; also called anacusia

75
Q

Conduction impairment

A

Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)

76
Q

Labyrinthitis

A

Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles or influenza

77
Q

Meniere disease

A

Increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthinehydrops

78
Q

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)

A

Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are “too long, too loud, or too close”

79
Q

Otitis external

A

Infection of the external auditory canal

80
Q

Presbyacusis

A

Impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia

81
Q

Tinnitus

A

Perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

82
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of a spinning motion of oneself or the surroundings

83
Q

Audiometry

A

Measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment

84
Q

Caloric stimulation test

A

Test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine whether nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

85
Q

Electronystagmography (ENG)

A

Method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles

86
Q

Gonioscopy

A

Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

87
Q

Ophthalmodynamometry

A

Measurement of the blood pressure on the retinal vessels

88
Q

Ophthalmoscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

89
Q

Otoscopy

A

Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

90
Q

Pneumatic otoscope

A

Otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

91
Q

Retinoscopy

A

Evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays

92
Q

Slit-lamp examination (SLE)

A

Stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor

93
Q

Tonometry

A

Evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by applied force

94
Q

Tuning fork tests

A

Hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss

95
Q

Rinne

A

Tuning fork test that evaluates unilateral hearing loss by comparing sound through bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC); also called air and bone conduction hearing test

96
Q

Weber

A

Tuning fork test that determines whether hearing loss occurs in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss) or in the auditory nerves or hair cells of the inner ear (sensorineural); also called conductive and sensorineural hearing loss test

97
Q

Visual acuity (VA) test

A

Part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that an be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet and commonly expressed as a fraction

98
Q

Dacryocystography

A

Radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts

99
Q

Fluorescein angiography

A

Evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained

100
Q

Blepharoplasty

A

Cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly forms as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

101
Q

Cochlear implant insertion

A

Placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear, also called bionic ear

102
Q

Cyclodialysis

A

Formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

103
Q

Enucleation

A

Removal of the eyeball from the orbit

104
Q

Evisceration

A

Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and the cornea intact

105
Q

LASIK surgery

A

Procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue

106
Q

Otoplasty

A

Corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna

107
Q

Phacoemulsification with lens implant

A

Ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco

108
Q

Pressure-equalizing (PE) tube placement

A

Insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes

109
Q

Sclerostomy

A

Surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

110
Q

Tympanoplasty

A

Reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly as a result of perforation; also called myringoplasty

111
Q

Ear irrigation

A

Flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)

112
Q

Eye refraction test

A

Visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required

113
Q

Retinal photocoagulation

A

Technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue; also called laser photocoagulation

114
Q

Antibiotics ophthalmic

A

Inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye
Tobramycin, ciprofloxacin

115
Q

Antiglaucoma agents

A

Increase aqueous humor outflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure
Timolol, dorzolamide, latanoprost

116
Q

Anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics

A

Reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions
Prednisolone, ketorolac

117
Q

Artificial tears

A

Soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens
Cellulose derivatives, glycerin, propylene glycol

118
Q

Mydriatics

A

Disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate
Atropine sulfate

119
Q

Decongestants, ophthalmic

A

Constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion
Tetrahydrozoline

120
Q

Ear antiemetics

A

Treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting
Meclizine

121
Q

Optic analgesics

A

Provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with optic disorders
Antipyrine and benzocaine

122
Q

Wax emulsifiers

A

Loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)
Carbamide peroxide

123
Q

Acc

A

Accommodation

124
Q

ARMD, AMD

A

Age-related macular degeneration

125
Q

Ast

A

Astigmatism

126
Q

ENG

A

Electronystagmography

127
Q

IOL

A

Intraocular lens

128
Q

IOP

A

Intraocular pressure

129
Q

LASIK

A

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

130
Q

O.D.

A

Doctor of optometry

131
Q

SLE

A

Slit-lamp examination; systemic lupus erythematosus

132
Q

ST

A

Esotropia

133
Q

VA

A

Visual acuity

134
Q

VF

A

Visual field

135
Q

XT

A

Exotropia

136
Q

AC

A

Air conduction

137
Q

BC

A

Bone conduction

138
Q

ENT

A

Ear, nose, throat

139
Q

NIHL

A

Noise-induced hearing loss

140
Q

OM

A

Otitis media

141
Q

PE

A

Pressure-equalizing (tube); physical examination; pulmonary embolism

142
Q

URI

A

Upper respiratory infection

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY (20 decks)

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