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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY > Chapter 10 Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Leiomy/o

A

Smooth (visceral) muscle

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2
Q

Muscul/o

A

Muscle

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3
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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4
Q

Rhabd/o

A

Rod-shaped (striated)

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5
Q

Rhabdomy/o

A

Rod-shaped (striated) muscle

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6
Q

Brachi/o

A

Arm

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7
Q

Carp/o

A

Carpus (wrist bone)

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8
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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9
Q

Cervic/o

A

Neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

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10
Q

Clavicul/o

A

Clavicle (collar bone)

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11
Q

Cost/o

A

Ribs

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12
Q

Crani/o

A

Cranium (skull)

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13
Q

Dactyl/o

A

Fingers, toes

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14
Q

Humer/o

A

Humerus (upper arm bone)

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15
Q

Metacarp/o

A

Metacarpus (hand bones)

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16
Q

Phalang/o

A

Phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

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17
Q

Radi/o

A

Radiation,x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

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18
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebrae (backbone)

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19
Q

Vertebr/o

A

Vertebrae (backbone)

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20
Q

Stern/o

A

Sternum (breastbone)

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21
Q

Thorac/o

A

Chest

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22
Q

Calcane/o

A

Calcaneum (heel bone)

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23
Q

Femor/o

A

Femur (thigh bone)

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24
Q

Fibul/o

A

Fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

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25
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

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26
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

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27
Q

Lumb/o

A

Loins (lower back)

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28
Q

Metatars/o

A

Metatarsus (foot bones)

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29
Q

Patell/o

A

Patellla (kneecap)

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30
Q

Pelv/i

A

Pelvis

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31
Q

Pelv/o

A

Pelvis

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32
Q

Pod/o

A

Foot

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33
Q

Pub/o

A

Pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

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34
Q

Tibi/o

A

Tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

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35
Q

Pelv/i

A

Exception to connecting vowel O

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36
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Stiffness; bent, crooked

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37
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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38
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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39
Q

Fasci/o

A

Band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

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40
Q

Fibr/o

A

Fiber, fibrous tissue

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41
Q

Kyph/o

A

Humpback

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42
Q

Lamin/o

A

Lamina (part of vertebral arch)

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43
Q

Lord/o

A

Curve, swayback

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44
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow; spinal cord

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45
Q

Orth/o

A

Straight

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46
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

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47
Q

Ped/o

A

Foot; child

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48
Q

Ped/i

A

Foot; child

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49
Q

Scoli/o

A

Crooked, bent

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50
Q

Synov/o

A

Synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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51
Q

Ten/o

A

Tendon

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52
Q

Tend/o

A

Tendon

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53
Q

Tendin/o

A

Tendon

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54
Q

-asthenia

A

Weakness, debility

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55
Q

-clasia

A

To break; surgical fracture

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56
Q

-clast

A

To break; surgical fracture

57
Q

-desis

A

Binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

58
Q

-malacia

A

Softening

59
Q

-porosis

A

Porous

60
Q

-sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of connective tissue

61
Q

A-

A

Without, not

62
Q

Dys-

A

Bad; painful; difficult

63
Q

Syn-

A

Union, together, joined

64
Q

Bunion (hallux valgus)

A

Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes

65
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

66
Q

Claudication

A

Lameness, limping

67
Q

Contracture

A

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

68
Q

Crepitation

A

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

69
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

Fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

70
Q

Gout

A

Joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space

71
Q

Herniated disk

A

Rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge; causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

72
Q

Hypotonia

A

Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

73
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs

74
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone

75
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in post menopausal women

76
Q

Paget disease

A

Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting on thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull

77
Q

Phantom limb

A

Perceived sensation, following amputation, that the limb still exists

78
Q

Rickets

A

Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

79
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature

80
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or the left; also called C-shaped curvature

81
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also known as humpback or hunchback

82
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also known as swayback

83
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

84
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

85
Q

Sprain and strain

A

Overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain)

86
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

87
Q

Talipes equinovarus

A

Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side, also called club foot

88
Q

Arthrography

A

Series of radiographs taken after injection of a contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

89
Q

Bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

90
Q

Discography

A

Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

91
Q

Lumbosacral spinal radiography

A

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

92
Q

Myelography

A

Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

93
Q

Bone scintigraphy

A

Nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone

94
Q

Amputation

A

Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder

95
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications

96
Q

Arthroclasia

A

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

97
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope

98
Q

Bone grafting

A

Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

99
Q

Bursectomy

A

Excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

100
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

101
Q

Sequestrectomy

A

Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

102
Q

Total hip replacement (THR)

A

Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

103
Q

Bone immobilization

A

Procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

104
Q

Casting

A

Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material

105
Q

Splinting

A

Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

106
Q

Traction

A

Set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system

107
Q

Closed fracture

A

Bone is broken but no wound in skin

108
Q

Open fracture

A

Bone breaks through skin

109
Q

Complicated fracture

A

Extensive soft tissue injury such as a broken rib piercing the lung above

110
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone is crushed into several pieces

111
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Broken ends of a bone are forced into one another

112
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Line of fracture does not include the whole bone

113
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone is broken only on one side, commonly occurs most in children because growing bones are soft

114
Q

Colles fracture

A

Distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

115
Q

Bone resorption inhibitors

A

Prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis
Alendronate, risedronate

116
Q

Calcium supplements

A

Treat and prevent hypocalcemia
Calcium carbonate, calcium citrate

117
Q

Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A

Slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation
Adalimumab, methotrexate

118
Q

Muscle relaxants

A

Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
Cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol and aspirin

119
Q

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Decrease pain and suppress inflammation
Ibuprofen, naproxen

120
Q

Salicylates

A

Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
Aspirin, magnesium salicylate

121
Q

Vitamin D analogs

A

Fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)

122
Q

ACL

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

123
Q

BMD

A

Bone mineral density

124
Q

C1, C2, and so on

A

First cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on

125
Q

CTS

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

126
Q

DEXA, DXA

A

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

127
Q

DJD

A

Degenerative joint disease

128
Q

DMARDs

A

Disease modifying antirheuamtic drugs

129
Q

DO, D.O.

A

Doctor of osteopathy

130
Q

HNP

A

Herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)

131
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

132
Q

L1, L2, and so on

A

First lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on

133
Q

MD

A

Doctor of medicine

134
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

135
Q

NSAIDs

A

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

136
Q

PCL

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

137
Q

RA

A

Rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium

138
Q

THR

A

Total hip replacement

139
Q

TRAM

A

Transverse rectum abdominis muscle

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY (20 decks)

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