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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 8 - Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Articulations Flashcards

0
Q

Points of contact between joints

A
  • Between two bones
  • Between cartilage and bone
  • Between teeth and bones
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1
Q

Hold bones together but may permit movement

A

Joints

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2
Q

Study of joints

A

Arthrology

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3
Q

Study of motion

A

Kinesiology

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4
Q

Three classifications of joints based on movement

A
  1. Synarthrosis = immovable
  2. Amphiarthrosis = slightly
  3. Diarthrosis = freely
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5
Q

Classifications of joints based on anatomy

A
  1. Fibrous (collagen fibers)
  2. Cartilaginous (cartilage)
  3. Synovial (joint capsule and accesory ligaments)
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6
Q

Joints that lack a synovial cavity

A

Fibrous joints

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7
Q

What are fibrous joints held together by?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

How much movement do fibrous joints have?

A

Little or none (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)

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9
Q

Three structural types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Gomphoses
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10
Q

Three characteristics of sutures

A
  1. Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull
  2. Immovable (synarthrosis)
  3. If fused completely in adults is synostosis
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11
Q

Three characteristics of Sydesmosis

A
  1. Fibrous joint
  2. Bones united by ligament
  3. lightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
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12
Q

Where are syndesmosis joints?

A

Anterior tibiofibular and interosseous membrane

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13
Q

What is a gomphosis joint and what kind of movement does it have?

A
  • Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket

- Immovable (synarthrosis)

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14
Q

Where are the gomphosis joints?

A
  • Teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible
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15
Q
  • Lacks a synovial cavity
  • Allows little or no movement
  • Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
A

Cartilage joints

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16
Q

Two types of cartilage joints

A
  1. Synchondross

2. Symphyses

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17
Q

Connecting material in synchondrosis joints

A

Hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Movement in synchondrosis joints

A

Immovable (synarthrosis)

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19
Q

Where are synchondrosis joints?

A

Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum

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20
Q

In synchondrosis, when fusion occurs, it becomes a _____

A

Synostosis

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21
Q

Connecting material in symphysis joints

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Movement in symphysis joints?

A

Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)

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23
Q

Where are the symphysis joints?

A
  • Intervertebral discs

- Pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Synovial joint features

A
  1. 2 bones separated by fluid filled cavity

2. Joint capsules has 2 layers

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25
Q

Two layers of joints capsules

A
  1. Synovial membrane

2. Articular cartilage

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26
Q

Synovial fluid components

A
  • Blood filtrate
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Glycoproteins
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27
Q

Synovial fluid functions

A
  • Lubricate joint surfaces
  • Nourish chondrocytes
  • Shock absorber
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28
Q

What do ligaments do?

A
  • Reinforce and strengthen joint capsules

- Connect bone to bone with dense regular CT

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29
Q

Two ligament types

A
  1. Extracapsular ligaments

2. Intracapsular ligaments

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30
Q
  • Outside joint capsules

- Collaterals

A

Extracapsular ligaments

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31
Q
  • Ligaments within capsules

- Cruciates (ex ACL)

A

Intracapsular ligaments

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32
Q
  • Pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity
A

Articular discs

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33
Q

Another name for articular discs

A

Menisci

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34
Q

Example of articular discs (menisci)

A
  • Ulnolunate joint

- Knee joint

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35
Q

Articular disc functions

A
  • Channel flow of synovial fluid
  • Modify articular surfaces
  • Restrict movements at joint
  • Cushion articulating surfaces
  • Help distribute body weight
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36
Q

Adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

A

Fat pads

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37
Q

Example of fat pads

A

Tibiofemoral joint

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38
Q

Functions of fat pads

A
  • Protect articular cartilage
  • Packing material
  • Fills spaces when joint changes shape
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39
Q

Small, fluid filled pockets of connective tissue

A

Bursae

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40
Q

Location and Functions of bursae

A

Location: Hypodermis; between tendons, ligaments, and bones
Function: Cushion and support; aid in movements of tendons

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41
Q

Two opposing surfaces that slide past each other

A

Gliding

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42
Q

A change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface

A

Angular movement

43
Q
  • A type of angular motion

- Rotation of the shaft while changing the angle

A

Circumduction

44
Q

Spinning of the shaft without changing the angle

A

Rotation

45
Q

Types of angular motion

A
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
46
Q

Types of rotation

A
  • Pronation

- Supination

47
Q

Special movements

A
  • Eversion/inversion
  • Dorsiflexion/ Plantar flexion
  • Lateral flexion
  • Protraction/ Retraction
  • Opposition
  • Elevation/ Depression
48
Q

Making the angle smaller in body movement

A

Flexion

49
Q

Moving the body back to anatomical position

A

Extension

50
Q

The trade off between flexibility and stability in synovial joints are due to

A
  • Shape of articulating surfaces
  • Tightness of ligaments
  • Presence of accessory ligaments
  • Other factors: other bones, muscles or fat pads
51
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
52
Q
  • Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
  • Side to side movement only
  • Rotation prevented by ligaments
A

Plane joint

53
Q

Examples of plane joints

A
  • Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Vertebrocostal joints
54
Q

If you bring your mandible forward (underbite)

A

Protraction

55
Q
  • Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
  • UNIAXIAL like a door hinge
A

Hinge joint

56
Q

Examples of hinge joints

A
  • Knee
  • Elbow
  • Ankle
  • Interphalangeal joints
57
Q

Movements produced from the hinge joint (also define their meanings)

A

Flexion: decreasing the joint angle
Extension: increasing the angle
Hyperextension: opening the joint beyond the anatomical position

58
Q
  • Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament
A

Pivot joint

59
Q

Is the pivot joint uniaxial? If so, why?

A

It allows only rotation around longitudinal axis

60
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A
  1. Proximal radioulnar joints

2. Atlanto-axial joint

61
Q

Movements that are in the proximal radioulnar joint

A
  • Supination and pronation
62
Q

Movement in the atlanto-axial joint

A

Turning head side to side to say “no”

63
Q
  • Oval shaped projection fits into oval depression

- BIAXIAL

A

Condylar joint

64
Q

Flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible

A

Biaxial

65
Q

Examples of where condylar joints are

A
  • Wrist

- Metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 and 5

66
Q

One bone saddled-shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle

A

Saddle joint

67
Q

Why is the saddle joint biaxial?

A
  • Circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle

- Opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers

68
Q

Examples of saddle joints

A
  • Trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb
69
Q

Ball fitting into a cuplike depression

A

Ball and socket joint

70
Q

Why is the ball and socket joint multiaxial?

A

Because of…

  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Rotation
71
Q

Examples of ball and socket joints

A
  • Shoulder joint

- Hip joint

72
Q
  • Hinge joint
  • Condyles slide back and forth along sockets
  • 2 synovial joints
A

Temporomandibular joint

73
Q

What is the TMJ between?

A

Between the condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa

74
Q

Where do the vertebrate articulate?

A

Between the superior and inferior articular processes

75
Q

What kind of joint is in intervertebral articulations?

A

Plane joint

76
Q

What does intervertebral articulations restrict?

A

Restrict lateral movement

77
Q

These allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation in the intervertebral articulations

A

Discs

78
Q

Two parts to the intervertebral disc and the components to each part

A
  1. Anulus fibrous: fibrocartilage

2. Nucleus pulposus: 75% water, hyaluronic acid, reticular and elastic fibers

79
Q
  • Slipped disc
  • Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrous
  • Movements of vertebral column compress nucleus
A

Herniated disc

80
Q

Describe the joints in the shoulder

A
  • Glenohumeral joint
81
Q

What are the components to the Glenohumeral joint?

A

Head of humerus meets glenoid cavity

82
Q

The glenoid cavity is covered by what?

A

Glenoid labrum

83
Q

A ringe of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity

A

Glenoid labrum

84
Q

Two joints in the elbow

A
  1. Humerus and ulna (hinge, flexion/extension)

2. Ulna and Radius (pivot and pronation/supination)

85
Q

Joints in the wrist and hand

A
  • Radiocarpal joint
  • Intercarpal
  • Carpometacarpal
  • Metacarpophalangeal
  • Interphalangeal
86
Q

Movements in the radiocarpal joint

A
  • Between radius and 3 prox. carpels
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Circumduction
87
Q

Movement in intercarpal joints

A

Gliding

88
Q

Movement in the carpometacarpal joints

A

Thumb: saddle

Other digits: plane (sliding)

89
Q

Movement in metacarpophalangeal joints

A

Hand to fingers (condylar)

  • Abbduction/adduction
  • Flexion/ extension
90
Q

Movement in interphalangeal joints

A

Fingers (hinge)

- Flexion/extnsion

91
Q

Two bones making up the hip joint

A
  1. Femoral head

2. Acetabulum of pelvis

92
Q

Extends the size of the acetabulum

A

Labrum

93
Q

Movement in hip joint

A

ball and socket

94
Q

The knee joint must …

A
  • Support body mass
  • Have up to 160 degrees motion
  • Be unobstructed by muscle (like hip)
  • Lack strong yet limiting ligaments (like ankle)
95
Q

Two joints in the knee

A
  1. Tibiofemoral joint

2. Patellofemoral joint

96
Q

Movement in the tibiofemoral joint

A

Hinge

  • Flexion/extension
  • Some rotation (less stable than most hinge joints)
97
Q

Movements in the patellofemoral joint

A

Plane - sliding

98
Q

Ankle joint

A

Talocrural joint

99
Q

Ankle and foot joints

A
  • Tibiotalar
  • Tibiofibular
  • Firbulotalor
100
Q

Movement in the ankle and the foot bones

A

Dorsi/plantiflexion

101
Q

Foot joints

A
  • Intersarsal
  • Tarsometatarsal
  • Metatarsophalangeal
  • Interphalangeal
102
Q

The plane joints between the tarsals

A

Intertarsals

103
Q

Plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals

A

Tarsometatarsal

104
Q

Condylar joints between metatarsals and digits

A

Metatarsophalangeal

105
Q

Hinge joints in digits

A

Interphalangeal

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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