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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 19 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A
  • Slow and prolonged responses

- Acute = nervous system

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1
Q

General characteristics of the the endocrine system

A
  1. Chronic regulation of homeostasis

2. Interrelated with nervous system

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2
Q

How is the endocrine system interrelated with the nervous system?

A

By the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What kind of system is the endocrine system?

A

Ductless system

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4
Q

Why is the endocrine system a ductless system?

A
  • Hormones produced by specialized cells

- Carried in blood stream

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5
Q

Substances synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and then secreted

A

Hormones

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6
Q

When hormones are secreted into extracellular space

A

Paracrine signaling

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7
Q

Blood carries hormones to other sites

A

Endocrine signaling

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8
Q

How do hormones act on target cells?

A

Have specific receptors for specific hormones

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9
Q

Categories of the chemistry of hormones with meanings

A
  1. Steroids - made from cholesterol, non-polar
  2. Peptides - polar
  3. Amines - derived form amino acids, polar and non-polar
  4. Eicosanoids - most are non-polar, paracrine signals (prostaglandins)
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10
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • Lipid soluble therefore can cross cell membranes

- Transduction –> regulation of DNA transcription

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11
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A
  • Estrogens like estradiol
  • Androgens like testosterone
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
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12
Q

Where are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine and tryptophan

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13
Q

Amine hormones are both ___ and _____

A 
Membrane soluble (thyroxine)
Some are not membrane soluble (epinephrine)
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14
Q

Most important amine hormones are made by what?

A
  • Thyroid

- Adrenal medulla

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15
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A
  • Short chains of amino acids

- Cannot cross cell membrane

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16
Q

Peptide hormones compose what?

A

All pituitary hormones

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17
Q

What are Eicosanoids derived from what?

A

Derived from fatty acids

- Most cross cell membranes

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18
Q

Where do eicosanoids coordinate functions?

A

In extracellular fluid (ex - prostaglandins)

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19
Q

Process of negative feedback

A
  1. Gland is sensitive to concentration of substance
  2. Concentration exceeds limits –> prevents gland from secreting hormone
  3. Concentration decreases –> secretion increases
  4. Results in relatively stable concentration of both substance and hormone
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20
Q

Patrick promises to never ever wear __________ again

A

women’s pajamas

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21
Q

when cooking with Janelle Lynn, this person commonly makes a mess; however, he makes sure to clean it up

A

who is Patrick Carbary

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22
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send signals?

A

To the body and the pituitary gland

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23
Q

Most important endocrine gland for regulation

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

The pituitary gland is really ____

A

Two separate glands and its developmental origins are key to function

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25
Q

Two lobes of the pituitary glands

A

Posterior

Anterior

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26
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of the hypothalamas?

A
  • Does not make any hormones

- Mostly hypothalamamic axons

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27
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • 5 types of endocrine cells

- Controlled by hypothalamic regulatory hormones

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28
Q

What are the regulatory hormones?

A

Releasing hormones

Inhibiting hormones

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29
Q

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • Oxytocin

- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

30
Q

Four functions of oxytocin?

A
  • Causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls
  • Causes muscles associated with milk ejection to contract
  • Cause contraction of prostrate gland
  • Significant in emotional bonding (familial and romantic)
31
Q

What are the functions of antidiuretic hormones?

A
  • Causes kidney to decrease water excretion

- Increases blood volume –> rise in BP

32
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormones
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
33
Q

Increase melanin secretion

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

34
Q

What do follicle stimulating hormones do?

A
  • Testes to produce sperm
  • Follicular development in ovary
  • Stimulate secretion of estrogen
35
Q

What do luteinizing hormones do?

A
  • Promotes secretion of sex hormones

- Release of oocyte

36
Q

What do growth hormones do?

A
  • increase size and rate of reproduction of body cells
  • targets muscles and bones –> mobilized fat and glucose
  • enhances movement of amino acids through membranes
  • secreted throughout life, increase at puberty
37
Q

Controls secretion of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

38
Q

What does the prolactin hormone do?

A
  • targets mammary tissue

- milk production/secretion

39
Q

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids

A

Adrenocortiotropic hormones

40
Q

What makes the thyroid gland?

A
  • Two lobes + isthmus
41
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Inferior to larynx

42
Q

Cells in the thyroid gland

A
  • Follicular cells

- Parafollicular cells

43
Q

Produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

44
Q

What do follicular cells do?

A
  • Line follicle cavities (filled with thyroglogulin colloid)
  • Remove Iodine from blood
  • Secrete T3 and T4
45
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Follicular cells = thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

Parafollicular cells = calcitonin

46
Q

What does thyroxine (T4) do?

A

Increase glycogenolysis, protein synthesis, growth

47
Q

What does Triiodothyronine do?

A

Same as T4 by 5x more potent

48
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Decrease blood Ca2+ and PO4

Increase renal secretion and osteoblast activity

49
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid

50
Q

What composes the parathryoid gland?

A

Many tightly packed secretory cells

  • Oxyphil and transitional cells = immature
  • CHIEF CELLS = produce parathyroid hormone
51
Q

What do parathyroid hormones do?

A

Increase Ca2+, osteoclast activity, calcitriol (intestinal Ca2+ absorption)
Decrease renal Ca2+ and PO4 excretion

52
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Thoracic cavity, posterior to sternum

53
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Produces thymos

54
Q

What does thymos do?

A
  • Enhances lymphocyte production and competence

- Most active in infancy and childhood

55
Q

Componenets to the adrenal cortex with their meanings

A
  1. Glomerulosa = aldosterone –> Na+ retention
  2. Fasciculata = cortisol –> glycogen formation
  3. Reticularis = androgens –> secondary sexual characters
56
Q

Chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS

A

Adrenal medulla

57
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinenphine and norepinephrine

58
Q

Hormones in the kidney with meanings

A

Renin - start cascade to increase blood pressure
Erythropoietin (EPO) - erythrocyte production
Calcitriol - increase absorption

59
Q

Hormones in the heart with their meanings

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide - supresses aldosterone and ADH and decrease blood volume and blood pressure

60
Q

Where is the pancreas and what is its function?

A
  • Posterior to stomach
  • Attached to duodenum by duct
  • Exocrine and endocrine function
61
Q

The endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

62
Q

Cells with their meanings in the islets of langerhans

A

Alpha cells - glucagon (increases blood sugar)
Beta cells - insulin (decreases blood sugar)
Delta cells - somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion, antagonizes GH)

63
Q

Two types of cells in male gonads

A
  1. Interstitial cells

2. Nurse (sertoli) cells

64
Q

Interstitial cells do what?

A

Secrete androgens –> produce testosterone

65
Q

What does testosterone do?

A
  • Stimulate nurse cells

- Secondary sex characteristics

66
Q

What do nurse cells do?

A

Secrete inhibin

67
Q

What does inhibin do?

A
  • Decrease FSH from anterior pituitary

- Stimulate spermatogenesis

68
Q

Two components to female gonads

A
  1. Follicles –> pre-ovulation

2. Corput luteum –> postovulation

69
Q

Female hormones produced in pre-ovulation with their meanings

A

Estrogens - maturation of oocyte, endometrial development

Inhibin - decrease FSH from anterior pituitary

70
Q

Female hormones produced in post-ovulation with their meanings

A

Estrogen - same as pre-ovulation

Progesterone - prepares body for pregnancy

71
Q

Pineacytes in epithalamus

A

Pineal gland

72
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produces melatonin which is in charge of circadian rythyms and possibly puberty

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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