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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Size and location of the spinal cord

A
  • Slender nerve column
  • About 45 cm long
  • Starts at foramen magnum and ends between L1 and L2 (does not go into the sacrum)
  • 31 pair spinal nerves
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1
Q

What system is the spinal cord part of?

A

cns

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2
Q

Four major structures of the spinal cord

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Gray and white matter
  • Central canal
  • 2 grooves
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3
Q

Hole down the center of cord; continuous with brain ventricles; both contain CSF

A

Central canal

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4
Q

2 grooves in the spinal cord

A
  • Anterior median fissure

- Posterior median sulcus

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5
Q

Swollen regions of the spinal cord

A

Enlargements

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6
Q

Two enlargements in the spinal cord

A
  1. Cervical enlargement

2. Lumbar enlargement

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7
Q

Inferior-most tip of spinal cord; cone shaped

A

Conus medullaris

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8
Q

Means horse’s tail; bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

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9
Q

Inferior-most spinal nerve

A

Filum terminale

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10
Q

Gray matter has projections called ____

A

Horns

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11
Q

What does gray matter consist of?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses

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12
Q

Cell bodies are organized into nuclei in gray matter into what?

A
  • Sensory

- motor

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13
Q

Three interior horns in gray matter

A

Posterior horn
Anterior gray horn
Lateral gray horn

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14
Q

Two gray commissures

A

Anterior commissure and posterior commissure

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15
Q

What separates the commissures in gray matter?

A

The central canal

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16
Q

The tracts and columns in white matter

A
  • Posterior white column
  • Anterior white column
  • Lateral white column
  • Ascending tract = sensory
  • Descending tract = motor
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17
Q

Three facts about meninges

A
  • Membranes covering CNS
  • Are similar in both brain and spinal cord
  • Are split into layers called “mater”
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18
Q

Means mother

A

Mater

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19
Q

Three things superficial to Meninges

A
  1. Vertebrae consists of vertebral arches
  2. Epidural space
  3. Meninges connect to CT covering of spinal nerves
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20
Q
  • Space between meninges and vertebra

- Contains BV and adipose

A

Epidural Space

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21
Q
  • Tough mother

- Durable

A

Dura Mater

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22
Q

Location of the dura mater

A
  • Deep to epidural space

- Superficial to subdural space

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23
Q

What is the dura mater stabilized by?

A

Coccygeal ligament

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24
Q
  • Spidery mother

- CT looks like a spider web

A

Arachnoid Mater

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25
Q

Location of the arachnoid mater

A
  • Superficial to subarachnoid space

- Contains CSF

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26
Q
  • Delicate mother

- Light layer adhering to chord

A

Pia Mater

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27
Q

What does the pia mater form?

A

Forms part of filum terminale

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28
Q

Spinal meninges (superfisical to deep)

A
  • Vertebra
  • Epidural space
  • Dura mater
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid layer
  • Subarachnoid space (with CSF)
  • Pia mater
  • Neural tissue
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29
Q

Components to the 31 pair of spinal nerves

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
30
Q
  • Usually sensory

- Dorsal root ganglion that is composed of soma

A

Dorsal (posterior) root

31
Q
  • Nerve component
  • No ganglion
  • Usually motor
A

Ventral (anterior) root

32
Q

Roots merge to form ___

A

Nerves

33
Q

Because roots merge to form nerves, spinal nerves are usually what?

A

Mixes (both sensory and motor)

34
Q

All roots go through _____

A

Intervertebral foramina

35
Q

Three connective tissue coverings

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Endoneurium
36
Q

Surrounds the entire nerve

A

Epineurium

37
Q

Surrounds bundles of 10-100 (known as fascicles)

A

Perineurium

38
Q

Surrounds each individual axon of each neuron

A

Endoneurium

39
Q

Offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra

A

Rami

40
Q

Three types of rami

A

Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Ramus communicantse

41
Q

A spitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers

A

Rami communicantes

42
Q

Two different kinds of communicantes

A
  1. White ramus communicantes

2. Gray ramus communicantes

43
Q

Sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves

A

Dermatomes

44
Q

What will result in loss of sensation in dermatome?

A

Spinal cord damage

45
Q

Detection method is apart of what?

A

Dermatomes

46
Q
  • Braid off ventral rami
A

Nerve plexuses

47
Q

The regions where nerve plexuses are found

A
  • Cervical
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Most thoracic nerve are all isolated
48
Q

Cervical plexus location and innervations

A
  • C1-C4 and part of C5
  • Innervate certain muscles of neck and torso
  • Phrenic nerve
49
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, 4 and 5

- Go to diaphragm

50
Q

Where is the brachial plexus?

A

C4-C8 and T1

51
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

Chest, upper back, and arm

52
Q

To ant. muscles of arms and skin of forearm

A

Musculocutaneous

53
Q

To muscles of forearm, hands, and skin of hands

A

Ulnar nerve

54
Q

Same as ulnar

A

Median nerve

55
Q

To post. muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands

A

Radial nerve

56
Q
  • Last thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

- May be split into lumbar and sacral plexuses

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

57
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate?

A

The lower limb regions

58
Q

To adductors of leg

A

Obturator nerve

59
Q

Motor impulses to leg and thigh and receive sensory from skin of legs and thigh

A

Femoral nerve

60
Q

To muscles and skin in thighs, legs, and feet

A

Sciatic nerve

61
Q

Explain reflexes

A
  • Rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli
  • Help preserve homeostasis
  • Occur at spinal cord or brain stem
  • Do NOT require cerebral processing
  • Cna be modified by cerebral control
62
Q

How are reflexes classified?

A
  • By development
  • Site of processing
  • Nature of motor response
  • Complexity of neural circuit
63
Q

Classifying reflexes by development with their definitions

A 
Genetically = built in 
Learned = acquired through repetition and/or experience
64
Q

Classification of reflexes by site of processing

A

Spinal reflex = impulse only goes to the spinal cord

Cranial reflex = makes it to the brain

65
Q

Classification of reflexes by the nature of motor response

A

Somatic = influences the skeletal muscle system

Visceral (autonomic) = influences the involuntary systems such as smooth muscle and glands

66
Q

Classifying reflexes using the complexity of neural circuit

A

One synapse involved = monosynaptic

More than one synapse = polysynaptic

67
Q

Steps of a Reflex Arc

A
  1. The receptor is stimulated by a detectible environmental stimulus
  2. The receptor stimulates a SENSORY NEURON that sends a signal to the CNS for processing
  3. The information is processed by being TRANSMITTED to the appropriate neurons (interneuron or motor neuron)
  4. A MOTOR NEURON is stimulated, sending a signal to an EFFECTOR.
  5. This results in behavior
68
Q

A reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle

A

Stretch reflex

69
Q

Receptors that detect stretching

A

Muscle spindle fibers

70
Q

What is the effector in stretch reflex?

A

Contraction of the muscle

71
Q

A patellar reflex is what kind of reflex?

A

Stretch reflex

72
Q

What are the two functions of the patellar reflex?

A
  1. Prevent muscles from being overstretched

2. Prevent one from falling forward

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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