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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 23 - Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Lymphatic System Flashcards

0
Q

What do lymphatic vessels transport?

A

Transport fluid called lymph from tissues to the venous systems?

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1
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Produce, maintain, and distribute LYMPHOCYTES
  • Maintain normal blood and interstitial fluid volume
  • Alternate route for the transport of nutrients, hormones, and waste
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2
Q

Sizes of lymphatic vessels

A
  • Small lymphatic capillaries
  • Medium lymphatic vessels
  • Large lymphatic trunks
  • Lymphatic ducts
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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels are almost always found with ____

A

Blood vessels

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4
Q

Location of lymphatic vessels

A
  • Most tissues

- Absent in avascular tissue and CNS

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

Lymph is a fluid connective tissue

- Only occurs in lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

Where is lymph derived from?

A
  • Interstitial fluid of the tissues
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
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7
Q

How is interstitial fluid derived from lymph?

A
  • Originates from the plasma
  • Water and dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to diffusion and filtration
  • 27L/day enters the interstitial spaces
  • Fluid lacks proteins and has lower Oxygen
  • Interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries and is known as LYMPH
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8
Q

How much of interstitial fluid is absorbed

A

90%

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9
Q

Five facts explaining lymphatic capillaries

A
  • Closed ended tubes
  • In interstitial spaces
  • Form networks
  • Single layer of squamous cells with incomplete basal lamina
  • Fenestrated
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10
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries

A
  • Large diameter
  • Thinner walls
  • Flat and irregular
  • Have anchoring filaments to keep the passage open
  • Overlapping endothelial cells
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11
Q

Explain the formation of lymph

A
  • Interstitial fluid enters capillaries
  • Overlapping cells function as one way valves
  • Moves through fenestrations
  • Large things such as viruses and debris follow
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12
Q

Characteristics of medium lymphatic vessels (4)

A
  1. Merging of lymph capillaries
  2. Similar to veins (interna, media, adventitia, and valves)
  3. Merge to form trunks
  4. Travel with arteries of same size
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13
Q

What are lymphatic trunks named for?

A

For the region the drain

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14
Q

Examples of lymphatic trunks

A
  • Lumbar
  • Intestinal
  • Broncomediastinal
  • Subclavian
  • Jugular
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15
Q

What do lymphatic trunks drain into?

A

Lymphatic ducts

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16
Q

Two lymphatic ducts

A

Thoracic and right lymphatic

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17
Q

What do lymphatic ducts do? (3)

A
  • Deliver lymph to venous circulation at subclavian
  • Reintroduced to bloodstream
  • Becomes part of plasma and is circulated
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18
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A
  • Lower body
  • Left arm
  • Head
  • Neck
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19
Q

Route of the thoracic duct

A
  • Arises from CISTERNA CHYLI
  • Through diaphragm
  • Ascends in front of vertebral column
  • Empties into LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
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20
Q

What does the Right Lymphatic Duct drain?

A
  • Right side of head
  • Neck
  • Right arm
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21
Q

Route of the Right Lymphatic Duct

A
  • Starts in right thorax

- To the Right subclavian vein

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22
Q

The rate at which ducts drain (3)

A
  • Unevenly drain fluid from body
  • Thoracic does the majority
  • It is much longer and drains the entire inferior half of the body
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23
Q

What are valves in lymph and what do they do?

A
  • Occur at bulges

- Prevent backflow

24
Q

How do valves prevent backflow?

A
  • Pressure is lower in lymphatics than in veins

- Lymph is moved using similar methods to veins (skeletal muscles and breathing)

25
Q

If drainage does not occur

A

lymphedema

26
Q

Primary cells of the lymphoid system

A

Lymphocytes

27
Q

What do lymphocytes allow for?

A

Specific (or adaptive) immunity

28
Q

Multi-faceted immune response to the detection of specific foreign antigens

A

Specific immunity

29
Q

Characteristics of NK-cells (5)

A
  1. Natural killer cells
  2. Derived directly from bone marrow
  3. NON-specific immunity
    4, Detect chemical signals other than specific antigens (like other leukocytes)
  4. Induce apoptosis
30
Q

Characteristics of B-cells (3)

A
  1. Originate and develop in the bone marrow
  2. Stimulated by an antigen to produce antibodies
  3. Can survive for years as MEMORY CELLS, and become active once exposed to a similar antigen
31
Q

Characteristics of T cells (4)

A
  1. Originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus
  2. Attack cells with antigens indicating viral infection or detrimental mutations (cancer)
  3. Induce apoptosis
  4. Have MEMORY CELLS similar to B-cells
32
Q

Reticular connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid nodules

33
Q

What are lymphoid nodules NOT?

A

NOT organs

34
Q

Digestive lymph nodules

A

M.A.L.T. (Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

35
Q

Three types of M.A.L.T.

A
  • Tonsils
  • Aggregated lymphoid nodules
  • Appendix
36
Q

Where are the tonsils and what do they do?

A
  • Positioned around the pharynx

- Remove pathogens that enter via air or food

37
Q

Three types of tonsils with descriptions

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil - one nodule in nasopharynx (adenoids)
  2. Palatine tonsils - two nodules on the soft palate
  3. Lingual tonsils - two nodules at the base of the tongue
38
Q

Line the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

39
Q

Bind tube at the beginning of the small intestine

A

Appendix

40
Q

Areas of the appendix prone to infection

A
  • Appendicitis

- Intestinal flora enter underlying tissues

41
Q

Surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule

A

Lymphatic organs

42
Q

Examples of lymphatic organs

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
43
Q

Five components to lymph nodes

A
  1. Bean shaped
  2. Between several AFFERENT and one EFFERENT vessels
  3. Hilus
  4. Cortex
  5. Medulla
44
Q

What is the hilus in lymph nodes?

A

Indented region where BV’s, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect

45
Q

The cortex capsule has ____ that subdivide it

A

Trabeculae

46
Q

Two regions of the cortex with their characteristics

A
  1. Outer cortex - consists of aggregated B-cells

2. Inner cortex - T cells enter blood here

47
Q

What happens in the Medulla?

A

Where B-cells leave through the efferent vessel

48
Q

Six locations of the lymph nodes

A
  • Cervical
  • Axillary
  • Inguinal
  • Pelvic
  • Abdominal
  • Thoracic
49
Q

Where is the spleen found?

A

On the left side of stomach

50
Q

This is the largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

51
Q

Two sections of the spleen with meanings

A
  1. White pulp - resembles lymph node

2. Red pulp - large amounts of RBC (sinuses, macrophages, T/B cells)

52
Q

Functions of the spleen

A
  • Remove old RBC’s
  • Store/recycle iron
  • Initiate immune responses
  • Blood reservoir
  • RBC production in fetus
53
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

In mediastium

54
Q

What is special about the thymus?

A
  • First lymph organ to develop
  • Grows until puberty
  • Shrinks with age
  • Replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue
55
Q

Two lobes with lobules of thymus

A

Cortex - mostly immature Tcells

Medulla - mostly reticular epithelial cells

56
Q

What do T-cells in the thymus do? (3)

A
  • Cortex produces T-cells
  • Mature and migrate into medulla
  • Enter blood vessels and go into circulation
57
Q

What do Reticular cells in the thymus do? (2)

A
  • Produce thymosin

- Promote T cell differentiation

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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