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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 25 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What two specific things does digestion do?

A
  • Breakdown of ingested food

- Absorption of nutrients into blood

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1
Q

Process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed

A

Digestion

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2
Q
  • Production of ATP

- Anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal contain?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum
Anus
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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Layers of the structure of the wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

Inner most layer

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

Three layers of mucosa with meanings

A

Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria - blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, MALT
Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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8
Q

Two layers of the muscularis mucosa

A

Circular and longitudinal

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9
Q

What does the mucosa have that increases surface area?

A

Folds

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10
Q

What glands does the mucosa have?

A

Mucous and digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Functions of the mucosa

A

Protection
Absorption
Secretion

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12
Q

What is the submucosa?

A 
Loose CT
Glands 
BV
Lymph vessels
Nerves
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13
Q

Functions of the submucosa?

A
  • Nourish surrounding tissues

- Carry away absorbed materials

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14
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

Layers of smooth muscles

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15
Q

Two layers of the muscularis with meanings

A 
Inner = circular = decreases diameter when contracted
Outer = longitudinal = shorten tube when contract
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16
Q

Another name for the serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

The serosa does not exist superior to the _____. Instead there is _____

A

Diaphragm

Adventitia

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18
Q

What is the serosa made out of?

A

Epithelium and CT

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19
Q

Function of serosa

A

Protection

Secrete serous fluid

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20
Q

A series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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21
Q

Part of the peritoneum that adheres directly to the internal organs

A

Visceral

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22
Q

Part of the peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal wall

A

Parietal

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23
Q

Two facts about the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

A
  • Are continuous with one another

- Peritoneal cavity in between

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24
Q

What are mesentaries?

A
  • Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs
  • Access route for vessels and nerves
  • Stabilize position
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25
Q

Perioteneum that connectes the stomach to the liver

A

Lesser omentum

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26
Q

Describe the omentum

A
  • Starts at the stomach
  • Descends inferior
  • Then ascends to form a pouch or “apron” - filled with adipose
  • Attaches to the colon
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27
Q

Peritoneum that attaches to the majority of the small intestine

A

Mesentary proper

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28
Q

Peritoneum that attaches to the large intestine

A

Mesocolon

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29
Q

What does the mesentery proper and mesocolon do together?

A

Both allow for nerves and lymphatics to connect to intestines

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30
Q

Explain peristalsis

A
  • Propels bolus (food) down the tract
  • Circular muscles contract first (prevents bolus form moving back)
  • Longitudinal next (advances it down the tract)
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31
Q

Explain segmentation

A
  • No net movement in any particular direction
  • Goal is to fragment bolus
  • Mostly circular muscle contractions
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32
Q

Functions of the mouth

A 
Mastication and mixing 
Lubrication
Speech
Taste and evaluation
Limited digestion
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33
Q

Palatine bone of roof of mouth

A

Hard palate

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34
Q

CT extension of the palate

A

Soft palate

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35
Q

Dangles at the end of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the uvula?

A

Prevents food from going down prematurely

37
Q

Salivary glands do what?

A

Produce saliva

38
Q

What is saliva?

A
  • Mucous and serous fluid
  • Form food bolus
  • Make salivary amylase (starch digestion)
  • Dissolve chemicals for taste
39
Q

Three salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

40
Q

Functions of teeth

A

Mastification - mechanical breakdown of food

41
Q

Types of teeth with functions

A

Incisors - cutting
Cuspids - tearing
Bicuspids - crushing and grinding
Molars - crushing and grinding

42
Q

Tooth regions with the meanings

A

Crown - exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel
Root - base; within host bone
Neck - boundary between root and crown
Gingiva - gums, gingival sulcus

43
Q

Where gum and tooth meet

A

Gingival sulcus

44
Q

Dental succession

A

Primary or deciduous teeth

Secondary or permanent teeth

45
Q

How many and what kinds of teeth are in the primary teeth?

A
  • 20 total

- Incisors, cuspid, 1st and 2nd molars

46
Q

How many and what kinds of teeth are in the secondary teeth?

A
  • 32 total

- incisors, cuspid, 1st and 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd, 3rd molars

47
Q

Movement through the pharynx

A
  • Enable by swallowing
  • Bolus enters the oropharynx
  • Passes the laryngopharynx
48
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

49
Q

Three stages of deglutition

A

Buccal phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

50
Q

Passageway for food only to stomach

51
Q

The esophagus penetrates diaphragm through the _____

A

Esophageal hiatus

52
Q

Description of the esophagus

A

Straight, collapsible tube

53
Q

Three layers of the esophagus with meanings

A

Mucosa - stratified squamous, large folds (expansion)
Muscularis - skeletal muscle in superior regions
Adventitia - no serosa

54
Q

Functions of the stomach (5)

A
  • Storage
  • Mechanical breakdown (churning, mixing)
  • Chemical breakdown of protein
  • Delivers chyme to small intestine
  • Little absorption of nutrients (alcohol, aspirin, water)
55
Q

General shape of stomach

A
  • Lesser curvature

- Greater curvature

56
Q

Major regions of the stomach

A

Cardia - meets esophagus
Fundus - superior regions
Body - largest region
Pyloris - meets small intestine

57
Q

Histology of the stomach

A

Mucosa - folded into RUGAE for expansion during a full stomach
Muscularis - Three muscles by layers

58
Q

Three muscle layers of the stomach

A

Outer - longitudinal
Middle - circular
Inner - oblique

59
Q

Gastric glands make __

A

Gastric juices

60
Q

Secretory cells types of gastric glands

A

Parietal cells
Chef cells
Enteroendocrine cells

61
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

HCl - lowers pH

Intrinsic factor - absorbs B12

62
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

Pepsinogen - breaks down proteins

63
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete the hormone gastrin

64
Q

Regions of the small intestine with meanings

A

Duodenum - 25 cm, digestive secretions from liver and pancreas
Jejunum - 2500, most digestion and absorption
Ileum - 3500 cm

65
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A
  • Complete digestion of chyme
  • Receives secretions from pancreas and liver
  • Absorbs products of digestion (majority of absorption)
  • Transports remaining residue to large intestines
66
Q

How does the small intestine increase surface area?

A

Plicae circulares - folds in lining
Intestinal villi - fingerlike projections of mucosa
Microvilli - fingerlike extensions of cell membranes

67
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  • NO digestive enzymes
  • NO nutrient absorption
  • Bacteria here digest remaining nutrients (remaining water and vitamins K and B absorbed)
68
Q

What happens to the remaining materials in the large intestine?

A

Defecated as feces
Slow, infrequent peristalsis
Enabled by mucus production

69
Q

Regions of the large intestine

A

Cecum and veriform appendix

70
Q

Dilated, pouch like structure

71
Q

What is the veriform appendix?

A
  • Narrow tube with closed end
  • Hands down from cecum
  • Lymphatic tissue but no digestive function
72
Q

Regions of the large intestine with meanings

A

Ascending colon - travels upward along posterior wall to just below liver
Transverse colon - turns at right colic flexure and go towards spleen
Descending colon - turns downward at left colic flexure
Sigmoid colon - S shaped part near terminal end

73
Q

Follows curvature of sacrum

Leads to anal canal

74
Q

Opening to the outside

Guarded by two sphincters

75
Q

Two sphincters of the anus

A

Internal - smooth muscles

External - skeletal

76
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol)
  • Protein metabolism (make blood proteins)
  • Storage (glycogen, vitamins, iron)
  • Blood filtering
  • Detoxification
  • Secrete bile
77
Q

Structure of liver

A
  • Divided into lobes by FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
  • CORONARY LIGAMENT attaches liver to diaphragm
  • Largest lobe on right
78
Q

Functional unit of the liver

A

Hepatic lobules

79
Q

Structures of the hepatic lobules

A

Hepatocytes
Hepatic sinusoids
Kupffer cells

80
Q

What is the hapatocytes

A
  • Around central vein
  • Remove toxins
  • Produce BILE
81
Q

Functions of the hepatic sinusoids

A
  • Vascular channels

- Receive blood form portal veins

82
Q

Functions of the kupffer cells

A

Fixed macrophages

83
Q

Where is the gall bladder?

A

Inferior surface of the liver

84
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A
  • Store bile
  • Concentrate bile by reabsorbing water
  • Release bile into duodenum
85
Q

Path of bile

A

Right and left hepatic duct –> common hepatic duct –> common bile duct –> duodenum
The gallbladder –> cystic duct –> common bile duct

86
Q

Structure of the pancreas

A

Head, body, and tail

87
Q

Pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum through what?

A
  • Pancreatic duct

- Hepatopancreatic sphincter

88
Q

Pancreatic juice is produced by what?

A

Pancreatic acini

89
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice

A 
Pancreatic amylase - starch
Proteinases and trypsin - protein
Lipase - fat
Nucleases - nucleic acids
Alkalines - neutralizes acidic chyme

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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