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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 21 - Cardiovascular System: Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards

0
Q

What kind of circuit is the heart?

A

Double circuit

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1
Q

The four characteristics of the heart

A
  • Vital for survival
  • Carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  • Carries wastes away from tissues
  • Closed system
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2
Q

Two circuits of the heart

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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3
Q

Functions of the pulmonary circuit

A
  • Blood goes from heart to lungs and back

- Oxygenates blood

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4
Q

Functions of the systemic circuit

A
  • Brings blood from the heart to body and back

- Delivers oxygen to tissues

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5
Q

Structure of the heart

A
  • Cone shaped
  • Inside PERICARDIAL CAVITY
  • Inside MEDIASTINUM
  • APEX tipped toward the inferior and left
  • BASE superior
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6
Q

Double serous membrane with fibrous coat of the heart

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

Layers of the pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

Epicardium

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8
Q
  • Outer layer of pericardium

- Fibrous and areolar layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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9
Q

Another name for the epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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10
Q
  • Inner layer of sac

- Adheres to the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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11
Q
  • Between layers of heart

- Contains serous fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Layers to the wall of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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13
Q

Contains the visceral pericardium and functions as protective outer layer of heart

A

Epicardium

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14
Q
  • Middle layer of heart
  • Responsible for contractions
  • Made of cardiac muscle
A

Myocardium

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15
Q

Three characteristics of the endocardium

A
  • Inner layer
  • Lines and protects chambers and valves
  • Continuous with endothelium of heart vessels
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16
Q

Five characteristics about cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • Striated
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Short T-tubules
  • Connected mechanically and chemically
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17
Q

How does the heart connect mechanically and chemically

A

Intercalated discs

Gap junctions

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18
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

2 atria

2 ventricles

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19
Q

What do the auricles do?

A

Flaps where blood pools

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20
Q
  • Superior chambers

- Receives blood from veins

A

2 Atria

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21
Q
  • Inferior chambers of the heart

- Force blood out to arteries

A

2 ventricles

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22
Q

How are the two sides of the ventricles different from each other?

A
  • Left ventricle thicker and stronger
  • Right goes only to lungs
  • Left is round
  • Right pouch shaped
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23
Q

Prevent back flow in the heart

A

Antrioventricular valves

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24
Q
  • At right antrioventricular orfice

- 3 cusps

A

Tricuspid valve

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25
Q

When do the tricuspid valves open and close?

A

Open why atrial force is greater and closes when ventricular force is greater

26
Q
  • Left AV valve
  • 2 cuspids
  • At left atrioventricular orfice
A

Bicuspid valve

27
Q
  • Heart strings
  • Hold valves in place
  • Attached to cusps on ventricle side
A

Chordae Tendonae

28
Q

What does the chordae tendonae prevent?

A
  • Cusps from collapsing into into atria when valve is closed

- Backflow of blood

29
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A
  • Small bundles of muscles
  • Attach to the chordae tendonae
  • When valves close, these muscles contract and tighten cords
30
Q

Scaffolding on interior walls of the ventricles

A

Trabeculae carneae

31
Q

Valve between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

32
Q
  • Right
  • At entrance to pulmonary trunk
  • Opens when right ventricle contracts
A

Pulmonary valve

33
Q
  • Left
  • At entrance the aorta
  • Opens when left ventricle contracts
A

Aortic valve

34
Q

Path of blood through the heart

A
  • RIGHT ATRIUM - receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava plus coronary sinus
  • RIGHT AV VALVE
  • RIGHT VENTRICLE - CONUS ARTERIOSUS - funnel leading from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
  • PULMONARY VALVE
  • PULMONARY TRUNK - goes to the lungs
  • LEFT ATRIUM - receives blood from pulmonary veins
  • LEFT AV VALVE
  • LEFT VENTRICLE
  • AORTIC VALVE
  • AORTA - to issues
35
Q

What does coronary circulation?

A
  • Supplies the heart tissues with blood

- Blockage can result in a heart tissue dying

36
Q

Branch directly off of the aorta as it emerges

A

Coronary arteries

37
Q

Two coronary arteries

A
  • Left coronary artery

- Right coronary artery

38
Q

Components to the LCA

A
  • Circumflex artery

- Anterior interventricular artery

39
Q

Two arteries of the RCA

A
  • Posterior interventricular artery

- Marginal artery

40
Q

What do cardiac veins do?

A

Drain myocardium

41
Q

Vein that empties into right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

42
Q

Three cardiac veins

A

Great, middle, and small cardiac veins

43
Q

Contractile phase; chamber empties

A

Systole

44
Q

Relaxation phase of the heart; chambers fill

A

Diastole

45
Q

Sounds of the heart and explanations

A 
Lub = AV valves close
Dup = semi lunar valves close
46
Q

Heart beat is enabled by what cells?

A
  • Nodal cells

- Conducting fibers

47
Q

Specialized muscle cells that conduct action potentials

A

Nodal cells

48
Q

Distributes stimulus to myocardium

A

Conducting fibers

49
Q

What part of the heart contracts first?

A

Atria contract before ventricles

50
Q

What causes the heart to contract unevenly?

A

Action Potentials

51
Q

Step One of the conduction system of heart beat

A

SA (sinoatrial) node

  • Pacemaker
  • Spontaneously depolarized
  • At the back wall of the right atrium
52
Q

Step 2 for heartbeat

A

AV (Atrioventricular node)

  • Where four chambers meet
  • Signal transmitted to AV node through INTERNODAL PATHWAYS
53
Q

Step 3 for heartbeat

A

AV (antrioventricular) bundle

- Transmits down interventricular septum

54
Q

Stop 4 for heartbeat

A

BUNDLE BRANCHES

  • Branches off the AV bundle
  • Moves further down the septum
  • One supplies each ventricle
55
Q

Step 5 of heartbeat

A

PURKINJE FIBERS

  • Reflect up external wall of ventricle
  • Extend into papillary muscles
56
Q

Components of the Electrocardiogram with meanings

A

P wave - depolarization of atria
QRS - depolarization of ventricle
T wave - repolarization of ventricle

57
Q

Cardiac output of ECG/EKG

A

5L/min

58
Q

Spontaneous contractions

A

Autorhythmicity

59
Q

Chemical control of the heart is done how?

A

NE and E: Increase rate and force

60
Q

Neural control of the heart is done where and with what centers?

A

Medull

  • Cardioacceleratory centers
  • Cardioinhibitory centers
61
Q

Release NE/ increase HR

A

Cardioacceleratory centers

62
Q

Release Ach/decrease HR

A

Cardioinhibitory centers

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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