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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 20 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Blood Flashcards

0
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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1
Q

How much blood is in the body?

A

Average of 5L

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2
Q

Cells in blood is known as ____

A

Formed elements

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3
Q

Matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport material (nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, specialized cells that defend tissues)
  • Help maintain stable cellular environment
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5
Q

Blood plasma composes how much of blood volume?

A

55%

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6
Q

Functions of blood plasma

A
  • Transport nutrients, gases, and vitamins
  • Regulate fluid and electrolytes
  • Maintain pH
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7
Q

Composition of blood plasma

A

92% water
7% proteins
1% solutes

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8
Q

How does blood plasma differ from interstitial fluid?

A
  • Greater oxygen concentration
  • Reduced carbon dioxide concentration
  • Significantly more dissolved proteins
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9
Q

Different components of solutes

A
  • Waste
  • Electrolytes
  • Organic nutrients
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10
Q

Different kinds of solute wastes

A
  • Ammonia

- Urea

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11
Q

Types of electrolytes

A

Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2

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12
Q

Organic nutrients in solutes

A
  • Lipids
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
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13
Q

Three types of plasma proteins

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
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14
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins are albumin?

A

60%

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15
Q

What is albumin?

A
  • Smallest
  • Maintain osmotic pressure of blood
  • Controls blood volume
  • Transports fatty materials in blood
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16
Q

What fatty materials are in the blood and that albumin move around?

A
  • Bilirubin, steroids, and lipids
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17
Q

Types of globulins? And percentage of plasma proteins?

A

35%

  • Immunoglobulins
  • Transport globulins
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18
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

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19
Q
  • Transport compounds by binding to them

- Prevent filtering by kidneys

A

Transport globulins

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20
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins does fibrinogen compose?

A

4%

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21
Q
  • Does blood clotting
A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

Without proteins what does the blood do?

A

Plasma is known as serum

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23
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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24
Q

What percentage of the blood is erythrocytes?

A

40%

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25
Q

Value of erythrocytes are known as _____

A

Hematocrit

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26
Q

What percentage of formed elements does RBC compose?

A

99.9%

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27
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A

Biconcave disks

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28
Q

Explain biconcave disks in erythrocyte structure

A
  • Thin central region
  • Thick outer region
  • Large surface area/volume ratio
  • Anucleate
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29
Q

When most organelles are absent

A

Anucleate

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30
Q

What does erythrocyte structure allow for?

A

Allows passage through capillaries

  • Forms rouleaux
  • Flexible
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31
Q

Composition of Hemoglobin

A
  • 280 million molecules/cell

- 95% of RBC proteins

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32
Q

Structure of hemoglobin

A
  • four polypeptide subunits
  • one heme group PER polypeptide
  • One iron PER heme group
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33
Q

Functions of Hemoglobin

A
  • Each Fe carries one O2 molecule (OXYHEMOGLOBIN is bright red)
  • The reaction is easily reversed (DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN is a deep red/maroon color)
  • CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin (CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN only accounts for 23% of blood CO2)
34
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

35
Q

Functions of leukocytes

A
  • Defend against pathogens
  • Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
  • Do not function in circulatory system
36
Q

Where do luekocytes come from?

A

Move from blood vessels into tissues

37
Q
  • Squeezing out of BV’s

- Going to different tissues

A

Diapedesis

38
Q

Two types of leukcocytes

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytese

39
Q

Granular inclusions in cytoplasms

A

Granulocytes

40
Q

No visible granulocytes

A

Agranulocytes

41
Q

Description of neutrophils

A
  • 60% of WBCs
  • Granulocytes
  • Lobed nucleus
  • Very mobile
42
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A
  • 1st defense against microorganisms
  • Phagocytic
  • Attract more neutrophils
43
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • 2-4% of WBCs
  • Red granules
44
Q

Function of eosinophils

A
  • Attracted to injuries
  • Phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
  • Increase during allergic reactions
45
Q

Structures of Basophils

A
  • Granuloctyes
  • 1% of WBCs
  • S shaped nucleus
  • Blue granules
46
Q

Functions of Basophils

A
  • Release histamine (inflammatory response that attracts other WBCs)
  • Release anticoagulants
47
Q

Characteristics of monocytes

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • 2-8% of WBCs
  • Largest cells in blood
48
Q

Functions of monocytes

A
  • Phagocytize foreign material (fuse to form osteoclasts, form free and fixed macrophages)
  • Recruit more monocytes
  • Attract fibroblasts
49
Q

Characteristics of lymphocytes

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • 20-30% of WBCs
  • Mature in lymph organs
  • Smallest
  • Non-phagocytic
50
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

Specific immunity

  • Focus on a single pathogen
  • Produce antibodies
  • Destroy abnormal tissue
51
Q

What cells do lymphocytes produce?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • NK cells
52
Q

Attack foreign cells directly

A

T cells

53
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce ANTIBODIES

54
Q

What do NK cells do?

A
  • Immune surveillance

- Destruction of abnormal cells

55
Q

Example of NK cells

A

Cancer cells

56
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

57
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A
  • Small, anucleate cell fragments
  • From MEGAKARYOCYTES
  • Produce proteins for blood clotting
  • Last for about 10-12 days
58
Q

Stopping flow of blood

A

Hemostasis

59
Q

Formation of clot involves what?

A
  • Transport of important agent
  • Formation of a temporary patch
  • Clot contraction
60
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A
  • All blood cells are derived from a PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL

- All cells except lyphocytes are derived from the resulting MYELOID TISSUE

61
Q

In adults, all new blood produces are produced where?

A

Bone marrow

62
Q

What organs assist in making red blood cells in utero?

A

Liver and spleen

63
Q

Explain erythryopoiesis

A
  • The formatio of RBCs
  • RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria
  • Wear and tear with no repair
  • RBCs last for about 120 days
  • Replace about 1% a day
  • 3 million RBCs replace per second
64
Q

The formation of WBCs

A

Leukopoiesis

65
Q

Development of granulocytes?

A
  • Complete development in the red marrow

- Neutrophils last for 12 hours, dying after they engulf an object

66
Q

Formation of monocytes?

A

Do not complete development until they exit the circulatory system

67
Q

Formation of lymphocytes

A
  • Immature cells can stay in bone marrow or move to thymus
  • Move to the spleen tonsils, or lymph nodes where they mature
  • Can last for several years
68
Q

What exactly blood types?

A

RBC plasmalemma (cell membranes) has surface antigens

69
Q

What are the antigens in blood type?

A
  • These are usually glycoproteins or glycoplipids
  • Are genetically determined
  • A, B, AND Rh are used to determine blood type
70
Q

People may have what blood types?

A

A antigens, B antigens, both (AB), and neither (O)

71
Q

What will happen if you don’t have antigens?

A

You will produce antibodies for them

72
Q

If foreign antigens are introduced into your bloodstream what will happen?

A

You will produce antibodies to destroy them

73
Q

Can receive any blood, produces neither antibody

A

AB patient

74
Q

Can receive blood from A and O, but produces B antibodies

A

A patient

75
Q

Can recieve blood from B and O, but produces A antibodies

A

B patient

76
Q

Can receive blood from O only. Produces A and B antibodies.

A

O patient

77
Q

Rh group is named after what?

A

Rhesus macaque

78
Q

If you have Rh antigen you have what?

A

Have Rh+

79
Q

If you have no antigen

A

You are Rh-

80
Q

Another name for Rh

A

D antigen

81
Q

Rh- people will only produce what when exposed to the Rh antigen

A

Antibodies

82
Q

When Rh- people only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen. What does this occur from?

A
  • Recieves Rh+ transfusion
  • Pregnant with Rh+ baby
  • An Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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