Chapter 20 - Blood Flashcards
0
Q
What kind of tissue is blood?
A
Connective tissue
1
Q
How much blood is in the body?
A
Average of 5L
2
Q
Cells in blood is known as ____
A
Formed elements
3
Q
Matrix of blood
A
Plasma
4
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
- Transport material (nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, specialized cells that defend tissues)
- Help maintain stable cellular environment
5
Q
Blood plasma composes how much of blood volume?
A
55%
6
Q
Functions of blood plasma
A
- Transport nutrients, gases, and vitamins
- Regulate fluid and electrolytes
- Maintain pH
7
Q
Composition of blood plasma
A
92% water
7% proteins
1% solutes
8
Q
How does blood plasma differ from interstitial fluid?
A
- Greater oxygen concentration
- Reduced carbon dioxide concentration
- Significantly more dissolved proteins
9
Q
Different components of solutes
A
- Waste
- Electrolytes
- Organic nutrients
10
Q
Different kinds of solute wastes
A
- Ammonia
- Urea
11
Q
Types of electrolytes
A
Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2
12
Q
Organic nutrients in solutes
A
- Lipids
- Glucose
- Amino acids
13
Q
Three types of plasma proteins
A
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
14
Q
What percentage of plasma proteins are albumin?
A
60%
15
Q
What is albumin?
A
- Smallest
- Maintain osmotic pressure of blood
- Controls blood volume
- Transports fatty materials in blood
16
Q
What fatty materials are in the blood and that albumin move around?
A
- Bilirubin, steroids, and lipids
17
Q
Types of globulins? And percentage of plasma proteins?
A
35%
- Immunoglobulins
- Transport globulins
18
Q
Antibodies
A
Immunoglobulins
19
Q
- Transport compounds by binding to them
- Prevent filtering by kidneys
A
Transport globulins
20
Q
What percentage of plasma proteins does fibrinogen compose?
A
4%
21
Q
- Does blood clotting
A
Fibrinogen
22
Q
Without proteins what does the blood do?
A
Plasma is known as serum
23
Q
Red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
24
What percentage of the blood is erythrocytes?
40%
25
Value of erythrocytes are known as _____
Hematocrit
26
What percentage of formed elements does RBC compose?
99.9%
27
Erythrocyte structure
Biconcave disks
28
Explain biconcave disks in erythrocyte structure
- Thin central region
- Thick outer region
- Large surface area/volume ratio
- Anucleate
29
When most organelles are absent
Anucleate
30
What does erythrocyte structure allow for?
Allows passage through capillaries
- Forms rouleaux
- Flexible
31
Composition of Hemoglobin
- 280 million molecules/cell
| - 95% of RBC proteins
32
Structure of hemoglobin
- four polypeptide subunits
- one heme group PER polypeptide
- One iron PER heme group
33
Functions of Hemoglobin
- Each Fe carries one O2 molecule (OXYHEMOGLOBIN is bright red)
- The reaction is easily reversed (DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN is a deep red/maroon color)
- CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin (CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN only accounts for 23% of blood CO2)
34
White blood cells
Leukocytes
35
Functions of leukocytes
- Defend against pathogens
- Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
- Do not function in circulatory system
36
Where do luekocytes come from?
Move from blood vessels into tissues
37
- Squeezing out of BV's
| - Going to different tissues
Diapedesis
38
Two types of leukcocytes
- Granulocytes
| - Agranulocytese
39
Granular inclusions in cytoplasms
Granulocytes
40
No visible granulocytes
Agranulocytes
41
Description of neutrophils
- 60% of WBCs
- Granulocytes
- Lobed nucleus
- Very mobile
42
Functions of neutrophils
- 1st defense against microorganisms
- Phagocytic
- Attract more neutrophils
43
Characteristics of Eosinophils
- Granulocytes
- Bi-lobed nucleus
- 2-4% of WBCs
- Red granules
44
Function of eosinophils
- Attracted to injuries
- Phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
- Increase during allergic reactions
45
Structures of Basophils
- Granuloctyes
- 1% of WBCs
- S shaped nucleus
- Blue granules
46
Functions of Basophils
- Release histamine (inflammatory response that attracts other WBCs)
- Release anticoagulants
47
Characteristics of monocytes
- Agranulocytes
- 2-8% of WBCs
- Largest cells in blood
48
Functions of monocytes
- Phagocytize foreign material (fuse to form osteoclasts, form free and fixed macrophages)
- Recruit more monocytes
- Attract fibroblasts
49
Characteristics of lymphocytes
- Agranulocytes
- 20-30% of WBCs
- Mature in lymph organs
- Smallest
- Non-phagocytic
50
Functions of lymphocytes
Specific immunity
- Focus on a single pathogen
- Produce antibodies
- Destroy abnormal tissue
51
What cells do lymphocytes produce?
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
52
Attack foreign cells directly
T cells
53
What do B cells do?
Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce ANTIBODIES
54
What do NK cells do?
- Immune surveillance
| - Destruction of abnormal cells
55
Example of NK cells
Cancer cells
56
Platelets
Thrombocytes
57
What are thrombocytes?
- Small, anucleate cell fragments
- From MEGAKARYOCYTES
- Produce proteins for blood clotting
- Last for about 10-12 days
58
Stopping flow of blood
Hemostasis
59
Formation of clot involves what?
- Transport of important agent
- Formation of a temporary patch
- Clot contraction
60
What is hemopoiesis?
- All blood cells are derived from a PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL
| - All cells except lyphocytes are derived from the resulting MYELOID TISSUE
61
In adults, all new blood produces are produced where?
Bone marrow
62
What organs assist in making red blood cells in utero?
Liver and spleen
63
Explain erythryopoiesis
- The formatio of RBCs
- RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria
- Wear and tear with no repair
- RBCs last for about 120 days
- Replace about 1% a day
- 3 million RBCs replace per second
64
The formation of WBCs
Leukopoiesis
65
Development of granulocytes?
- Complete development in the red marrow
| - Neutrophils last for 12 hours, dying after they engulf an object
66
Formation of monocytes?
Do not complete development until they exit the circulatory system
67
Formation of lymphocytes
- Immature cells can stay in bone marrow or move to thymus
- Move to the spleen tonsils, or lymph nodes where they mature
- Can last for several years
68
What exactly blood types?
RBC plasmalemma (cell membranes) has surface antigens
69
What are the antigens in blood type?
- These are usually glycoproteins or glycoplipids
- Are genetically determined
- A, B, AND Rh are used to determine blood type
70
People may have what blood types?
A antigens, B antigens, both (AB), and neither (O)
71
What will happen if you don't have antigens?
You will produce antibodies for them
72
If foreign antigens are introduced into your bloodstream what will happen?
You will produce antibodies to destroy them
73
Can receive any blood, produces neither antibody
AB patient
74
Can receive blood from A and O, but produces B antibodies
A patient
75
Can recieve blood from B and O, but produces A antibodies
B patient
76
Can receive blood from O only. Produces A and B antibodies.
O patient
77
Rh group is named after what?
Rhesus macaque
78
If you have Rh antigen you have what?
Have Rh+
79
If you have no antigen
You are Rh-
80
Another name for Rh
D antigen
81
Rh- people will only produce what when exposed to the Rh antigen
Antibodies
82
When Rh- people only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen. What does this occur from?
- Recieves Rh+ transfusion
- Pregnant with Rh+ baby
- An Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby
